Техника перевода

Полезно соблюдать определенный алгоритм действий:

1. Прежде чем начать перевод, внимательно прочитайте весь текст, поймите его содержание.

2. Прочитайте текст вторично, разбив его на небольшие части.

3. Перевод предложений начинайте со сказуемого и подлежащего:

Глагол-сказуемое обычно стоит на втором месте. Запомните способы нахождения сказуемого:

а) по личным местоимениям;

б) по неправильным глаголам;

в) по вспомогательным и модальным глаголам в личной форме;

г) по суффиксу - (е) s

д) по суффиксу – (e) d

Подлежащее находится слева от сказуемого. Помните, что существительные могут быть подлежащим только без предлога перед ним.

4. Найдите значения новых слов в словаре.

5. Внимательно присмотритесь к словам, имеющим знакомые вам английские, латинские или интернациональные корни, суффиксы и префиксы. Попытайтесь установить значения этих слов, обращая внимание на то, какой частью речи являются такие слова, а затем подбирайте соответствующее русское слово.

6. Помните, что в научном тексте часть слов может быть опущена без ущерба содержания.

7. Отличайте определение от определяемого слова (группа с существительным в конце)

8. Слова, оставшиеся непонятными, ищите в словаре, соотнося их значение с контекстом.

I. Прочтите и переведите текст устно.

Asthma Asthma is a chronic disease that affects your airways, which are the tubes that carry air in and out of your lungs. If you have asthma, the inside walls of your airways are inflamed (swollen). It is not clear exactly what makes the airways of people with asthma inflamed in the first place. Your inflamed airways may be due to a combination of things. We know that if other people in your family have asthma, you are more likely to develop it. New research suggests exposures early in your life (like tobacco smoke, infections, and some allergens) may be important. What Causes Asthma Attacks? There are things that can make asthma symptoms worse and lead to asthma attacks. Some of the more common things that can worsen your asthma symptoms are exercise, allergens, irritants, and viral infections. Some people only have asthma with exercise or a viral infection. The lists below give some examples of things that can worsen asthma symptoms. Allergens • Animal dander (from the skin, hair, or feathers of animals) • Dust mites (contained in house dust) • Cockroaches • Pollen from trees and grass • Mold (indoor and outdoor) Irritants • Cigarette smoke • Air pollution • Cold air or changes in weather • Strong odors from painting or cooking • Scented products • Strong emotional expression (including crying or laughing hard), and stress This is not a complete list of all the things that can worsen asthma. People can have trouble with one or more of these. It is important for you to learn which ones are problems for you. Your doctor can help you identify which things affect your asthma and ways to avoid them.

II. Выберите из текста предложения, в которых используется причастие, выпишите их и переведите на русский язык.

III. Найдите в тексте эквиваленты следующих словосочетаний:

1. хроническое заболевание

2. поражать дыхательные пути

3. новое исследование

4. усугубить симптомы астмы

5. загрязнение воздуха

IV. Выберите утверждения, которые соответствуют данному тексту:

1. Asthma is not a chronic disease.

2. Some people only have asthma with exercise or viral infection.

3. Cigarette smoke is an irritant.

V. Подберите синонимы к следующим словам:

1. product

2. list

3. to worsen

4. to give

VI. Гуманитарный аспект

Прочитайте текст и передайте его содержание на русском языке:

_{THE AMERICAN COWBOY}

What is the man in the picture doing? What is his job?

Have you ever seen cowboys in the movies?

The cowboy is the hero of many movies. He is, even today, a symbol of courage and adventure. But what was the life of the cowboy really like?

The cowboy's job is clear from the word cowboy. Cowboys were men who took care of cows and other cattle. The cattle were in the West and in Texas. People in the cities of the East wanted beef from these cattle. Trains could take the cattle east. But first the cattle had to get to the trains. Part of the cowboy's job was to take the cattle hundreds of miles to the railroad towns*

The trips were called cattle drives. A cattle drive usually took several months. Cowboys rode for sixteen hours a day. Because they rode so much, each cowboy brought along about eight horses. A cowboy changed horses several times each day.

The cowboys had to make sure that the cattle arrived safely. Before starting on a drive, the cowboys branded the cattle. They burned a mark on the cattle to show who they belonged to. But these marks didn't stop rustlers, or cattle thieves. Cowboys had to protect the cattle from rustlers. Rustlers made the dangerous trip even more dangerous.

Even though their work was very difficult and dangerous, cowboys did not earn much money. They were paid badly. Yet cowboys liked their way of life. They lived in a wild and open country; they lived a life of adventure and freedom.

*IX. Соедините понятие с его определением:

1. tonsil

2. laryngoscope

3. myopia

4. hyperopia

5. cataract

a) nearsightedness

b) cloudiness in the eye’s lens that impairs vision

c) a hollow tube equipped with electrical lighting, used to examine or operate upon the interior of the larynx through the mouth

d) a rounded mass of tissue, usually of lymphoid nature

e) farsightedness; eyeball is too short