Техника перевода.

Полезно соблюдать определенный алгоритм действий:

1. Прежде чем начать перевод, внимательно прочитайте весь текст, поймите его содержание.

2. Прочитайте текст вторично, разбив его на небольшие части.

3. Перевод предложений начинайте со сказуемого и подлежащего:

Глагол-сказуемое обычно стоит на втором месте. Запомните способы нахождения сказуемого:

а) по личным местоимениям;

б) по неправильным глаголам;

в) по вспомогательным и модальным глаголам в личной форме;

г) по суффиксу - (е) s

д) по суффиксу – (e) d

Подлежащее находится слева от сказуемого. Помните, что существительные могут быть подлежащим только без предлога перед ним.

4. Найдите значения новых слов в словаре.

5. Внимательно присмотритесь к словам, имеющим знакомые вам английские, латинские или интернациональные корни, суффиксы и префиксы. Попытайтесь установить значения этих слов, обращая внимание на то, какой частью речи являются такие слова, а затем подбирайте соответствующее русское слово.

6. Помните, что в научном тексте часть слов может быть опущена без ущерба содержания.

7. Отличайте определение от определяемого слова (группа с существительным в конце)

8. Слова, оставшиеся непонятными, ищите в словаре, соотнося их значение с контекстом.

I. Прочтите и переведите текст устно

Endocrine glands

Endocrine glands are glands of the endocrine system that secrete their products, hormones, directly into the blood rather than through a duct. The main endocrine glands include the pituitary gland, pancreas, ovaries, testes, thyroid gland, and adrenal glands. The hypothalamus is a neuroendocrine organ. Other organs which are not so well known for their endocrine activity include the stomach, which produces such hormones as ghrelin. Local chemical messengers, not generally considered part of the endocrine system, include autocrines, which act on the cells that secrete them, and paracrines, which act on a different cell type nearby.

Chemistry

Most hormones are steroid- or amino acid-based. Hormones alter cell activity by stimulating or inhibiting characteristic cellular processes of their target cells. Cell responses to hormone stimulation may involve changes in membrane permeability; enzyme synthesis, activation, or inhibition; secretory activity; gene activation; and mitosis. Second-messenger mechanisms employing intracellular messengers and transduced by G proteins are a common means by which amino acid–based hormones interact with their target cells. In the cyclic AMP system, the hormone binds to a plasma membrane receptor that couples to a G protein. When the G protein is activated it, in turn, couples to adenylate cyclase, which catalyzes the synthesis of cyclic AMP from ATP. Cyclic AMP initiates reactions that activate protein kinases and other enzymes, leading to cellular response. The PIP-calcium signal mechanism, involving phosphatidyl inositol, is another important second-messenger system. Other second messengers are cyclic GMP and calcium. Steroid hormones (and thyroid hormone) enter their target cells and effect responses by activating DNA, which initiates messenger RNA formation leading to protein synthesis.

AMP - Adenosine monophosphate

ATP - Adenosine triphospate

PIP - prolactin - inducible protein

G - proteins ( guanine nucleotide binding)

GMP - cyclic guanosine monophosphate

II. Выберите из текста предложения, в которых используется страдательный залог их и переведите на русский язык.

III. Найдите в тексте эквиваленты следующих словосочетаний:

1. непосредственно в кровь

2. основные эндокринные железы

3. секреторная активность

4. активизация генов

5. характерные клеточные процессы

IV. Выберите утверждения, которые соответствуют данному тексту:

1. The main endocrine glands include the pituitary gland, pancreas and heart.

2. Most hormones are steroid - or amino - acid based.

3. In the cycle AMP system, the hormone binds to a plasma membrane receptor that couples to a G protein.

V. Подберите синонимы к следующим словам:

1. involve

2. alter

3. common

VI. Гуманитарный аспект

Прочитайте текст и передайте его содержание на русском языке:

_{MARKS & SPENCER}

Marks & Spencer (or M&S) is Britain's favorite store. Tourists low it too. It attracts a great variety of customers, from housewives to millionaires. Princess Diana, Dustin Hoffman, and the British Prime Minister are just a few of its famous customers. Last year it made a profit of £529 million, which more than £10 million a week.

How did it all begin?

It all started 105 years ago, when a young Polish immigrant, Michael Marks, had a stall in Leeds market. He didn't have many things to sell: some cotton, a little wool, lots of buttons, and a few shoelaces. Above his stall he put the now famous notice:

Ten years later, he met Tom Spencer and together they started Penny Stalls in many towns in the north of England. Today there are 564 branches of M&S all over the world - in America, Canada, Spain; France, Belgium, and Hungary.

What are the best-sellers?

Surprisingly, tastes in food and clothes are international. What sells well in Paris sells just as well in Newcastle? Their best-selling clothes are:

• For women: jumpers, bras, and knickers (M&S is famous for its knickers!).

• For men: shirts, socks, pajamas, dressing gowns, and suits.

• For children: underwear and socks.

Best-sellers in food include: fresh chickens, bread, vegetables, and sandwiches. Chicken Kiev is internationally the most popular convenience food.

Why is M&S so successful?

.

The store bases its business on three principles good value, good quality, and good service. Also, it changes with the times - once it was all jumpers and knickers. Now it's food, furniture, and flowers as well. Top fashion designers advise on styles of clothes. But perhaps the most important key to its — success is its happy, well-trained staff. Conditions of work are excellent. There are company doctors, dentists, hairdressers, and even chiropodists to look after the staff, and all the staff can have lunch for under 40p!