- •The national technical university of ukraine.
- •Science in ukraine
- •From the history of computer
- •What is a computer?
- •Economic-technological development and ecology problems
- •Pollution in ukraine
- •Integer, refining, profusion, to improve, destructive
- •Automation and labour
- •Automatic control in industry
- •Economy and industry of ukraine
- •Industry of great britain
- •Lesson 1. Metals
- •Lesson 2. Occurrence of metals Task 1. Look at the following words and try to guess their meaning: ore, constituent, absorption, mineral, metallurgy
- •Properties of metals
- •Density, hardness, heat conductivity, electrical conductivity, weight
- •Blast furnace. Cupola melting
- •Open hearth furnace. The electric furnace
- •The electric furnace. The finest grades of steel are produced by the electric furnace method. Stainless and heat resistant steels are made almost exclusively by that process.
- •Ferrous metals
- •Properties of engineering materials
- •Problem of engineering materials
Integer, refining, profusion, to improve, destructive
Task 7. Write the following numerals by words:
12, 2nd, 135, 574234, 1111, 1985 (year), 1/6, Ѕ, 1000000000
Task 8. Answer the following questions:
1. What does the word "pollution" mean?
2. Where does such contamination originate from?
3. What rivers are the most polluted?
4. Where are the chemical fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides washed off?
5. Tell about the conditions in the Sea of Azov.
6. What caused a dramatic drop in fish catches in the Sea of Azov?
7. What has happened to the sea's salinity?
Task 9. Memorize the following words and word combinations:
1. |
to attain |
досягати |
2. |
coke-chemical plant |
коксохімічний завод |
3. |
contamination |
зараження, забруднення |
4. |
converter |
перетворювач |
5. |
density |
густина |
6. |
deterioration |
погіршення |
7. |
diversion |
відхилення |
8. |
endowment |
внесок |
9. |
environment |
навколишнє середовище |
10. |
evident |
наявний, справжній |
11. |
to fan |
сіяти, засівати |
12. |
fertilizer |
добриво |
13. |
harmful substances |
шкідливі речовини |
14. |
irrigation |
полив, зрошування |
15. |
landscape |
ландшафт |
16. |
mill |
металургійний завод, фабрика, фреза |
17. |
notably |
особливо, помітно |
18. |
to originate |
походити, мати походження |
19. |
overwhelming proportions |
величезні пропорції |
20. |
pollution |
забруднення |
21. |
population density |
густина населення |
22. |
severe |
суворий |
23. |
surface |
поверхня |
24. |
thermal power plant |
теплова електростанція (ТЕС) |
25. |
undesirable |
небажаний, незручний |
Lesson 7.
Automation and labour
Task 1. What do you know about automation in our country?
Task 2. Look at the following words and try to guess their meaning: automatic control, automation, automated production lines
Task 3. You are going to read about automation and labour. Choose the most suitable heading from the list (A-G) for each part 1-6. There is one extra heading which you do not need to use:
A Advantages of automation
B Ukraine is highly automated country
C The principal direction of automation
D Influence of automation on social life
E Main components of automation
F Expansion of automation into all branches of production
G Role of man in the process of automated production
1. ____________
It is a matter of common knowledge nowadays that the principal direction of the present-day scientific and technological progress consists in the revolution of mechanized forms of work through the automation of production. Quite recently, only some decades ago, even the words "automation", "automatic control" seldom appeared on the pages of the press or scientific publications. In the early forties the position radically changed. Soon automatic control was recognized throughout the world to be a new, progressive, independent branch of science and engineering. Today one cannot imagine technical progress without automation.
2. ________________
Automation may be defined as "the accomplishment of a job by an integrated mechanism with a minimum assistance of any kind". In fact, automation is the integration of four independent compounds which have been linked together into a single process. These integral parts of automation are: transfer machining, automatic assembly, communication engineering and control engineering.
3. ______________
Emphasis should be made that automation is not a mere extension of mechanization, but a qualitatively new step in technological development. It brought about radical changes in the technological nature of the relationship between man and machine. In mechanization the function of the direct effect on the object of labour was transferred to the working mechanism. Here, man remained the principal agent of the technological process. He retained the functions of control, regulation, maintaining machines and direct intervention in production process. With the advent of automation these functions were transferred to the mechanical device. The automation of production enables man to operate machines with the help of other machines. Now machines discharge not only production but also intellectual, and in some cases even physiological functions.
4. _______________
Our country has many thousands of comprehensively mechanized and automated enterprises and workshops. The mechanized and automated production lines replace or lighten the work of a tremendous number of workers. All the hydropower plants in the country have been completely automated. Every year thousands of automated control systems go into operation at agricultural, communication, trade, transport enterprises and organizations.
5. ______________
Modern means of automation make it possible to link up in a single complex the whole technological chain: machine designing, equipment and rigging, control of a technological process, control of the whole enterprise. This has been made possible due to the extensive development and mass production of new types of computer technology, from large computers to microprocessors.
Comprehensive automation calls for material inputs and time. But the economic effect from the release of "living labour", the intensification of production, the higher quality of output and more flexible technology make up for the inputs, while, on the social plane, it gives opportunities for creative work by both the makers of this technology and its users.
Thus, now the main trend in automation is developing not merely automatic machines, but entire technological processes and systems whose functioning excludes the direct involvement of men.
6. ________________
Complex automation makes an important impact on social, economic and political areas. Automation contributes to a steady rise in the material and cultural well-being of the people, to a substantial increase in the living standards of the people. The automation helps to obliterate the frontiers separating brain work from physical labour. It creates a basis for raising the intellectual level, for the all-round and harmonious development of the individual and his unprecedented cultural flowering.
Task 4. Find in the text equivalents to the following words and expressions:
науковий та технологічний прогрес, автоматизація виробництва, автоматичне управління, незалежна галузь науки та машинобудування, виконання роботи, автоматична збірка, організація технічного контролю, основний елемент, механічний прилад, автоматизовані підприємства, гідроелектростанція, гідроелектростанція, техніка зв’язку, управління технологічним процесом
Task 5. Translate into Ukrainian the following words and word combinations:
principal direction, automatic control, independent branch of science and engineering, the accomplishment of a job, minimum assistance, transfer machining, automatic assembly, control engineering, principal agent, direct intervention in production process, mechanical device, mechanized and automated enterprises and workshops, the mechanized and automated production lines, agricultural, communication, trade, transport enterprises, machine designing, equipment and rigging, control of the whole enterprise, cultural well-being of the people
Task 6. Make up word combinations from the following words:
-
1. harmonious
a) agent
2. brain
b) technology
3. working
c) chain
4. principal
d) control
5. computer
e) mechanism
6. technological
f) function
7. automatic
g) development
8. physiological
h) work
Task 7. Translate the following sentences into English:
1. Науково-технологічний прогрес зробив можливим перехід від механічного до автоматичного виробництва.
2. Техніка зв’язку є невід’ємною частиною автоматизації.
3. Автоматизація замінила людське втручання на програмовані машини.
4. Зараз машини виконують всю людську роботу, від розробки до кінцевого виробництва.
5. Всі гідроелектростанції управляються автоматично, без людського втручання.
6. Автоматизація виробництва дала людині можливість працювати в більш креативному русі.
Task 8. Fill in the blanks with the, a, an:
1. ____ air is essential for life.
2. Most of ____ great inventors live and work in ____ Ukraine.
3. He gives lectures twice ____ week.
4. He traveled by ____ train.
5. ___ Black Sea belongs to ___ Kyiv.
6. Fleming discovered penicillin in ____ evening.
Task 9. Memorize the following words and word combinations:
1. |
accomplishment |
виконання |
2. |
to appear |
з’являтися, виникати |
3. |
assistance |
підтримка, допомога |
4. |
automatic control |
автоматичне управління |
5. |
branch |
галузь |
6. |
to call for |
потрібен, призначений для |
7. |
communication engineering |
техніка зв’язку |
8. |
comprehensive automation |
комплексна автоматизація |
9. |
control engineering |
техніка автоматичного управління |
10. |
to define |
визначати, давати визначення |
11. |
direct effect |
безпосередній вплив |
12. |
to enable |
робити можливим |
13. |
frontier |
межа |
14. |
to change |
змінювати |
15. |
hydropower plant |
гідроелектростанція |
16. |
to imagine |
уявляти, припускати |
17. |
impact |
вплив |
18. |
intervention |
втручання |
19. |
involvement |
участь |
20. |
to lighten |
полегшувати, спрощувати |
21. |
to link up |
з’єднувати |
22. |
principal |
головний, основний |
23. |
relationship |
відносини |
24. |
technological chain |
технологічний ланцюг |
25. |
tremendous number |
велика кількість |
Lesson 8.