baehr_p_richter_m_dictatorship_in_history_and_theory_bonapar

1984 (Orwell), 98

absolutism, 10, 67, 70–1, 75, 81, 99, 201, 204, 209–10, 219

Academie´ Franc¸aise, 94–5

Acheson, Dean, 295, 297 Ackerman, Bruce, 18, 210, 213–19 Agricola, 287–88

Ahala, C. Servilius, 267

Akihito, Japanese Crown Prince, 294 Albisson, Jean, 43–4

Alexander I, Tsar of Russia, 56 Alexander II, Tsar of Russia, 62–4 Altenstein, Karl Sigmund, 58 Alvensleben, General von, 64 American Revolution, 182 Amigues, Jules, 142

Ampere, J.J., 100

Ancien Regime,´ Le (Tocqueville), 84–5, 87, 99

anti-Semitism, 253 Antonius, 264 Appian, 269, 283

Arendt, Hannah, 20–1, 26, 241, 243, 244–60, 264

aristocracy, 77, 89, 125 Aristotle, 6, 88, 193 Arndt, Ernst Moritz, 60–1 Arnould, A.-H., 43

Art of War, The (Machiavelli), 173 Auerstedt, battle of, 55

Augustus, 2, 6, 88, 100, 275 authoritarianism, 79, 114, 139, 158,

164, 199, 209, 219, 292–3

Babeuf, Franc¸ois Noel,¨ 176 Baehr, Peter, 155, 244 Bagehot, Walter, 5 Bainville, Jacques, 234 Bainville, John, 264

Barni, Jules, 130 Baroche, Jules, 148

Baumgarten, Hermann, 158 Berdahl, Robert, 70 Bergeron, Louis, 5, 300

Berlier, Theophile,´ 8, 32–4, 37–41

Berliner Politisches Wochenblatt

(newspaper), 70

Berthier, Alexandre, 8, 45–7, 51 Billault, Adam, 137, 148 Birnbaum, Pierre, 223

Bismarck, Otto von, 5, 9–10, 25, 53, 62–5, 68, 72, 77, 79–80, 156–9, 161–2, 179

Blackbourn, David, 157 Blanquism, 107 Bluche, Fred´eric,´ 5, 300 Bodin, Jean, 43

Bolshevik Revolution, 176 Bolshevism, 18, 20, 201–2, 208, 215 Bonaparte, Jer´ome,ˆ 56

Bonaparte, Joseph, 29, 35, 48, 56 Bonaparte, Josephine, 30, 35–6 Bonaparte, Charles Louis Napoleon, 1,

5–6, 11–14, 24–5, 35, 56, 62, 68, 83–6, 92, 98, 100, 103, 105, 110–12, 116–18, 120, 122, 124–6, 129, 131, 180, 221, 223, 225, 227–8, 230–1, 233, 236–8, 242, 253, 264. See also Napoleon III

Bonaparte, Lucien, 31–3, 35, 56 Bonaparte, Napoleon, 1, 5–6, 8–11,

24, 29, 32, 35–6, 39–42, 45–8, 50–1, 53, 55–61, 67, 69, 74, 78–80, 83–5, 87–8, 90–1, 93–8, 101–2, 110, 112–14, 125, 129, 158, 179, 198, 209, 221, 223, 225, 228, 230, 232–5, 238, 240, 242, 245, 249. See also Napoleon I

Bonapartism, 2, 4–5, 7–11, 14, 16, 18–21, 25–6, 29, 67–8, 70–1, 73, 75, 79–81, 86–7, 98–9, 102, 104–5, 121–2, 126, 129–31, 135, 143–5, 148, 151, 156–7, 175–6, 178, 186, 193, 197, 199, 210, 221–4, 231, 237–8, 300

Bonjean, Louis-Bernard, 141, 146 Bonomi, Joseph, 181

Boulanger, Georges Ernest Jean Marie, 221, 264

Boulay de la Meurthe, Antoine Jacques Claude Joseph, 8, 33, 40

Bourbon dynasty, 43–4, 50, 56 Bourbon Restoration, 85 bourgeoisie, 79, 107, 110–12, 114,

116–17, 126, 138, 159–60, 162, 178, 182, 184, 186

Bradley, Omar, 296 Brezhnev, Leonid Ilyich, 244 British Union of Fascists, 292 Bruning,¨ Heinrich, 16, 181 Brunswick Manifesto, 54 Brunswick, Duke of, 54 Bundesrat (Germany), 162

Buonarroti, Filippo, 176 Burckhardt, Jacob, 5, 171, 173

Bureaucratic Phenomenon, The (Crozier), 227

burgerliche¨ Gesellschaft, Die (Riehl), 77 Burgertum,¨ 77

Burke, Edmund, 241, 244, 289–90, 292

Cabanis, Pierre, 228 Cadoudal, Georges, 36, 45 Cadoudal-Pichegru plot, 45

Caesar, Julius, 2, 6, 22–4, 88, 100, 114, 124–6, 159, 162, 171–3, 179–80, 186–8, 198, 207, 209, 218, 232, 242, 264, 266, 272, 273–5, 279–90, 292, 296–8, 300

Caesarism, 2–4, 6, 11, 16–20, 22–6, 86–8, 91, 100, 105, 122, 124–5, 130, 155–69, 171, 173–82, 184, 186–91, 193–5, 197, 199, 202–3, 207, 209–10, 217–19, 245, 253, 258, 274–5, 279, 287–8, 293–4, 300

Caesaropapism, 235 Caligula, 287

Cambacer´ es,` Jean-Jacques-Regis de, 31–2, 35–8

capitalism, 171, 223, 253 Carey, Joyce, 280

Carnot, Lazare Nicolas Margurite, 35, 41–4, 47–8

Catalano, P., 264

Catholic Center party (Germany), 80 Catholicism, 158

Catiline, Lucius Sergius, 188 Catilinian Conspiracy, the, 272 Cato the Younger, 282

Cavaignac, General Louis-Eugenel,` 122, 264

Cessac, Comte de, 94. See also Lacuee,´ Jean-Gerard´

Chaptal, Jean-Antoine, 30

Charlemagne, 46, 238 Charles X, of France, 237

Chateaubriand, Franc¸ois-Rene,´ 6, 13, 90, 300

Chiang Kai-Shek, 24, 295 Christian universalism, 70 Cicero, 171, 193, 272, 275, 283 Cincinnatus, Lucius Quinctius,

267 Cinna, 269

civil code (France), 42

civil society, 77, 111, 145, 177, 182, 184–5, 190, 192, 249

Civil War (United States), 213–14, 296

Civil War in France, The (Marx), 111, 223

Class Struggles in France, The (Marx), 103

Claudius, Emperor of Rome, 265 Clive, Sir Robert, 289, 292 Cobden, Richard, 291–2

Cold War, 295 Collard, Royer, 94

Commentaries (Caesar), 186 Committee of Public Safety (France),

7, 35, 42–3, 84

Communist Manifesto, The (Marx and Engels), 103, 107

Communist Party, 108

Communist Union, 200 concentration camps, 250, 256 Congress of Vienna, 62, 106

Conseil d’Etat (France), 232 Conseil des Prises (France), 39 conservatism, 67–9, 76, 81, 142–4,

158

Conservative Party (Great Britain), 292

Constant, Benjamin, 7, 88, 92, 102, 227

Constitution of the Year VIII (France), 33

Constitution, American, 212–14, 217 Constitutional Council (France), 223,

232

constitutionalism, 75, 197, 201–2, 204, 211, 213–15

Consulate, 1, 8, 12, 29–30, 32–3, 38, 40, 42–3, 45, 47, 101

consumerism, 258

Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy, A (Marx), 104

Cornwallis, Charles, 29

Corps Legislatif´ (France), 48–9, 132, 135, 137, 141, 148–9

Cortes, Donoso, 5, 89 Costas, Louis, 43–4 Coty, Rene,´ 239

Coughlin, Father Charles, 293 Council of State (France), 8, 29–32,

36–8, 40–1, 44, 47–8, 51, 135, 140, 148, 223

Crassus, M. Licinius, 272–3, 281–2 Crimean War (1854–6), 62, 79 Cromwell, Oliver, 198, 263 Crozier, Michel, 226

Curee,´ Jean-Franc¸ois, 41, 45, 47

Danton, Georges-Jacques, 90 David, Jer´ ome,ˆ 136

De Gaulle as Political Artist: The Will to Grandeur (Hoffmann, Stanley and Inge), 234

De l’esprit de conqueteˆ et de l’usurpation

(Constant), 92

De Stael,¨ Anne Louise Germaine, 7 Decemvirs, 270

Deism, 210

Democracy and the Organization of Political Parties (Ostrogorski), 163

Democratie´ en Amerique,´ De la

(Tocqueville), 83, 90–1, 93–5, 98–100, 102

Democratic Party (United States), 294

Desaix de Veygoux, Louis Charles Antoine, 34

despotism, 42–3, 48, 71, 79, 83, 88–90, 92, 96–100, 129, 142–3, 194, 244, 276, 288

dictatorship, 2, 4, 6, 17–20, 22–3, 25–6, 71, 98, 101, 103–5, 109–10, 113–14, 116–17, 121–3, 125, 127, 175–7, 180, 184, 186–7, 191–4, 197–210, 214, 218–19, 241–5, 251–3, 256–7, 259, 263–6, 300

Dictatorship (Schmitt), 197, 200–3, 206

Dictatorship of the Reichsprasident¨

According to Article 48 of the Weimar Constitution, The (Schmitt), 205

Diet of the German Confederation, 79 Directorial constitution (1795), 33 Directory (France), 42–3, 45, 110 Discourses (Machiavelli), 166, 173 Dittmer, Lothar, 69

Doumergue, Gaston, 16

Dreyfus Affair, 191, 253

Duhamel, Olivier, 223

Dupont, General, 47 Duvernois, Clement,´ 141

East India Company, 289–90 Ebert, Friedrich, 198, 207

Economy and Society (Weber), 167 Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte,

The (Marx), 6, 13–14, 88, 103, 104, 108–10, 112, 114, 118–19, 121, 123, 223

Engels, Friedrich, 2, 5, 13, 103–4, 108–9, 118, 123, 176, 178, 193, 200

Enghien, Duke de, 52 Enlightenment, the, 58, 210, 212 Ense, Karl August Varnhagen von, 78

´ ´

Episode napoleonien, L (Bergeron), 5, 300

Epstein, Klaus, 81

Ere des Cesars,´ Le (Romieu), 87 Erweckungsbewegung, 69 European community, 233

Facta, Luigi, 181

Fascism, 16, 19, 20, 26, 176–7, 181–2, 189–90, 207–10, 219, 243–4, 246, 248

federalism, 135, 164

Federalist Papers, The (Madison, Hamilton, Jay), 212

Ferry, Jules, 276

Fichte, Johann Gottlieb, 58

Fifth Republic (France), 21, 223–24, 227, 229–30, 236

First Empire (France), 1, 5–7, 11–12, 14, 84, 88, 92, 94–8, 101, 131, 151

First Republic (France), 1, 229 Flocon, Ferdinand, 106

Foote, Samuel, 289

Fould, Achille, 148

Fourth Republic (France), 21, 228–30, 236

Francis Joseph, of Austria, 75 Franco, Francisco, 294–7

Frankfurter Zeitung (newspaper), 167 Frantz, Constantin, 77, 89

Frederick II, of Prussia, 53–4, 65, 72, 78

Frederick William II, of Prussia, 54 Frederick William III, of Prussia, 9, 56,

60, 69, 71

Frederick William IV, of Prussia, 10, 67, 70–5, 78, 80

French Revolution (1789), 2, 7–8, 11, 29–33, 37–40, 44, 47–50, 54–5, 57–8, 70, 72–3, 83–5, 87, 89–90, 94–5, 97, 101–3, 110, 132, 175, 182, 200–1, 221, 241–2, 244, 259, 263

French Revolution (1848), 2, 11, 83 Freslon, Pierre, 100

Friedrich Wilhelm von Brandenburg, 74

Frobel,¨ Julius, 158

Gaetulicus, Cornelius Lentulus, 287 Gage,´ J., 264

Gaius, 99

Gall, Lothar, 65 Gambetta, Leon,´ 130, 264

Garat, Dominique-Joseph, 31 Garnier, Charles, 144

Gaulle, Charles de, 21–2, 25, 221–4, 226–39

Gaullism, 21, 221–2, 223–4, 231, 238 Gerlach, Leopold von, 10, 67, 69,

71–2, 75, 80, 157

Gerlach, Ludwig von, 10, 67–71, 75–6, 78, 80

German Confederation, 62, 79 German Reich, 159, 161, 181 Germanism, 158

Geyl, Pieter, 235

Giolitti, Giovanni, 16, 181 Gladstone, William Ewart, 17, 165 Gobineau, Arthur de, 100 Goebbels, (Paul) Joseph, 244 Gorchakov, Prince, 63

Gracchi, Caius and Tiberius, 267–8, 271, 275

Gracchian crisis, 267

Gramsci, Antonio, 16–17, 19, 173, 175–94

Great Depression (United States), 213 Grevy,´ Jules, 236

Grunthal,¨ Gunther,¨ 75, 77

Guardian of the Constitution, The

(Schmitt), 205–8 Guicciardini, Francesco, 183

habeas corpus, 213, 266 Habsburg dynasty, 55, 73 Haffner, Sebastian, 74 Halevy,´ Elie, 264

Haller, Carl Ludwig von, 70 Hamilton, Alexander, 212 Hannibal, 297

Hardenberg, Karl August von, 54, 57, 69, 71

Harriman, Averill, 296 Hastings, Warren, 24, 289–90

Haussmann, Baron Georges-Eugene,` 78–9, 139

Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, 58, 192

Heine, Heinrich, 11, 300 Hennis, Wilhelm, 166 hereditary empire, 29, 37, 41, 48 Herman the German, 61 Herman’s Battle (von Kleist), 61

Herrenvolk, 160–1, 170

High Conservatism (Altkonservatismus), 68

High Conservatives (Prussia), 10, 68–81

Hinckeldey, Carl Ludwig von, 10, 76, 78–9

Hindenburg, Paul von, 165, 208 Hirohito, Japanese Emperor, 294

History of Rome (Mommsen), 171 Hitler, Adolf, 4, 16, 20, 26, 181, 234,

241–4, 246, 249, 251, 253, 300 Hobson, John, 291–2

Hoffmann, Inge, 234

Hoffmann, Stanley, 224–6, 233–4 Hohenzollern dynasty, 53, 65 Holy Roman Empire, 53, 55, 236 Hoover, Herbert, 293

House of Lords (Great Britain), 51 Huber, Ernst Rudolf, 81

Hugo, Victor, 124, 129, 238

Human Condition, The (Arendt), 258–9 Humboldt, Wilhelm von, 58

Ibbeken, Rudolf, 59

Imperial Fascist League (Great Britain),

292

imperialism, 2, 11, 14, 16, 86, 142, 253, 291

Jacobin constitution (1793), 33 Jacobinism, 75, 222

Jacobins (France), 49, 102, 207 Jarcke, Carl Ernst, 69 Jard-Panvillier, 8, 44

Jena, battle of (1806), 55 Josephus, 274

Julia (daughter of Julius Caesar), 281–2 July Monarchy (France), 85, 93, 115,

133

Kant, Immanuel, 57–8

Kapp Putsch (Germany), 185, 189 Kergorlay, Louis de, 91–2 Kershaw, Ian, 5, 257, 300 Kissinger, Henry, 70, 79

Kleist, Heinrich von, 61 Koselleck, Reinhart, 58 Kraus, Hans-Christof, 70

Kreuzzeitung (newspaper), 67, 70, 75, 78, 80

Kroll, Frank-Lothar, 70 Kruger¨ telegram (1896), 157

Lacep´ ede,` Bernard-Germain-Etienne de

Lacouture, Jean, 229 Lacuee,´ Jean-Gerard,´ 94

Lamartine, Alphonse Marie Louis de Prat de, 236

Langlois, Claude, 33 Lanjuinais, Jean Denis, 31 Lawrence, T. E., 292

Le Bon, Gustave, 166

Le Play, Pierre Guillaume Frederic, 140

Lebrun, Albert, 237 Lebrun, Charles Franc¸ois, 31 Leese, Arnold Spencer, 292 Lefebvre, Georges, 234

Legality and Legitimacy (Schmitt), 205–6, 208

Legion of Honor (France), 42 Legislative Assembly (France), 94 Lenin, Vladimir Ilich Ulyanov, 26,

184–5, 192–3 Leninism, 87, 176 Leo, Heinrich, 69

Leon, Daniel de, 104, 119 Lepidus, 264, 272

Lewin, Moshe, 5, 300 liberal democrats, 175

liberalism, 39, 65, 67, 87, 177, 182, 190, 197, 206, 210–12, 214–16, 219

Lincoln, Abraham, 213

Lloyd George, David, 17 Locke, John, 211, 219 Locre,´ Jean-Guillaume, 36

Louis Philippe, of France, 74, 106, 111 Louis XV, of France, 54

Lucan, 283 Ludendorff, Erich, 219

Ludwig II, of Bavaria, 53

Luise of Prussia, 60, 74 Lukacs,´ Georg, 109 Lutzen,¨ battle of (1813), 57

Mably, Gabriel Bonnet de, 200 MacArthur, Douglas, 24, 293–8 MacDonald, Ramsey, 181 Machiavelli, Niccolo, 171, 173, 178,

180, 183, 193, 197, 245, 249, 259 Machiavellianism, 245

Machtpolitik, 159, 176

Madison, James, 212 Maistre, Joseph de, 70, 72 Manin, Bernard, 211–12 Mann, Michael, 257 Mannheim, Karl, 81

Manteuffel, Otto von, 10, 76–80 Maoism, 16, 20

Marat, Jean Paul, 263

Marius, 269, 272, 275 Mark Antony, 286

Marwitz, Friedrich August Ludwig von der, 69

Marx, Karl, 2–3, 5–7, 11, 13–14, 24, 88, 103–26, 129, 156–7, 176, 178–9, 192–3, 200, 222–3

Marxism, 103–4, 108–9, 114–15, 121, 197

mass democracy, 131, 156, 163, 165–6, 201, 219

mass media, 194, 207 mass society, 258 Mastellone, S., 264 Mathiez, A., 264 Maximus, Q. Fabius, 267

Medici, Lorenzo de’ (il Magnifico), 178

Meinecke, Friedrich, 58 Metternich, Clemens Wenzel

Nepomuk Lothar, 71 Mignet, Franc¸ois, 234 Mithridates, 269 Mithridatic War, 272

Mitterrand, Franc¸ois, 222, 224 Moltke, Helmuth von, 53, 64, 66 Mommsen, Hans, 257

Mommsen, Theodor, 171–2, 263–6, 268, 270

monarchy, 29, 30, 33, 37, 41–3, 47, 66, 70, 74, 76–7, 83, 87, 107, 110, 114, 116, 201, 244, 270, 275, 285

Moniteur (journal), 41 Montesquieu, Charles de, 6, 48, 88,

211, 244

Moreau, Jean-Victor, 35 Morley, John, 292 Mornington, Lord, 290. See also

Wellesley, Sir Richard

Morny, Charles Auguste Louis Joseph, 137, 148, 237

Moroccan crises (1905, 1911), 157 Mosley, Oswald, 292

Munchow¨ -Pohl, Bernd von, 59 Murat, Joachim, 56

Mussolini, Benito, 16, 181–2, 207, 242–4, 246, 248

Nabob, The (Foote), 289 Napoleon I, of France, 9, 12, 165

Napoleon III, of France, 9–10, 12, 14, 16, 62–5, 67, 102–3, 111, 129, 131–3, 140, 146, 151, 156, 158, 165, 187, 226, 275

Napoleon´ le petit (Hugo), 129 Narbonne, Count of, 54 Narochnitskaya, L.I., 63

Nasica, Q. Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio, 282

National Assembly (France), 31, 37, 48, 54, 116, 117, 120, 231

National Assembly (Germany), 205 National Socialism, 20, 182, 209 National Socialist Party (Germany), 18,

209

nationalism, 65, 207, 218

Nationalokonomie¨ , 166

Nazism, 5, 16, 20, 26, 174, 189, 248–9, 257–8, 300

neoconservatism, 219

Neufchateau,ˆ Franc¸ois de, 41, 49, 50–1 Neumann, Franz, 243

Neumann, Sigmund, 81

New Deal (United States), 214 Niebuhr, Marcus, 69

Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm, 171–3 nihilism, 256, 258

North German Confederation, 158

Octavius, 264

oligarchy, 50, 188, 192, 271 Ollivier, Emile, 141, 144 Opimius, 267–8

Origins of Totalitarianism, The (Arendt), 244, 246, 253, 258–9

Orwell, George, 98

Papen, Franz von, 181 parliamentarism, 75 Pasteur, Louis, 238 Peace of Paris (1856), 64

peasantry, 77, 109, 111–13, 118, 124, 178, 186

Pericles, 165

Persigny, Jean-Gilbert-Victor, 135–6, 237

Persigny, Jean Gilbert Victor Fialin, 146–9

Petain,´ Henri Philippe, 16 Pfordten, Baron von der, 53 Pharsalus, 273, 279 Phillips, George P., 71 Pinard, Ernest, 142, 145 Pirate War, 272

Plato, 192–3

Plutarch, 268 Polemarchus, 192

Political Theology (Schmitt), 202–4 Politics as a Vocation (Weber), 164 Pollio, C. Asinius, 279

Polybius, 6, 88, 266, 285

Pompey, 271–3, 281–6 Pompidou, Georges, 22, 227, 231 popular sovereignty, 65, 72, 84,

95–6, 101, 117, 121–2, 200, 202, 209

Principate (Rome), 6, 23, 86, 275 Prison Notebooks (Gramsci), 19, 178 proletariat, 110–11, 126, 159–60,

186, 192, 199–200, 202, 208, 252, 264

Proudhon, Pierre Joseph, 5, 125, 236–7 Provisional Government (Russia), 106,

185

Prussian Reform Movement, 9, 56, 58

Quentin-Bauchard, 147

radicalism, 158, 244

Radowitz, Joseph Maria von, 69, 73

Ranke, Leopold von, 58 Rassemblement Pour la Republique´

(RPR), 238

Raudot, Claude-Marie, 144

Realpolitik, 79, 171, 176

Regnaud de Saint-Jean d’Angely,´ 8, 31, 37–8, 44

Reichstag (Germany), 162, 181, 207 Remond,´ Rene,´ 21, 130, 221–2 Republic, American, 259–60 Republic, French, 37–8, 41–2, 52, 62,

85, 98, 103, 105–6, 111, 115, 117, 129–32, 151, 203

Republic, The (Plato), 192 republicanism, 130

Restauration der Staatswissenschaft (von Haller), 70

Reynaud, Paul, 230

Rheinische Zeitung (newspaper), 106 Richter, Melvin, 83, 121

Riehl, Wilhelm Heinrich, 77

Riga Memorandum (Hardenberg), 57 Risorgimento (Italy), 19, 177, 182,

183, 190

Robert, Charles, 238 Robespierre, Maximilien, 90

Roederer, Pierre Louis, 8, 31–2, 35, 48, 50–1

Romanism, 158

Rome (Empire), 93, 99–100, 280, 287–8

Rome (Republic), 2, 6, 22–3, 86, 88, 100, 102, 125, 162, 172, 187, 197, 228, 236, 242, 275–6, 283–5

Romieu, Auguste, 87, 89 Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 213,

293–4, 296 Roscher, Wilhelm, 163

Rouher, Eugene,` 134, 136, 139–40, 148

Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 58, 232 royalists (France), 49, 51, 118, 143 Rufus, M. Minucius, 267

Saegert, Carl Wilhelm, 76

Sans-culottes, 84

Savigny, Friedrich Karl von, 69 Schaf¨ fle, Albert, 163

Schaller, Michael, 297

Scharnhorst, Gerhard Johann von, 59 Schinkel, Karl Friedrich, 60 Schleicher, Kurt von, 16, 181 Schmitt, Carl, 17–19, 197–219, 259 Scipio Africanus Major, 268, 283, 285,

297

Scipio Africanus Minor, 268 Scipio Emilianus, 270

Second Empire (France), 7, 11–15, 25, 67–8, 80, 84–5, 89, 93, 98, 100–3, 111–12, 129–33, 135–6, 139–40, 144, 147–8, 150–2, 155, 222, 224, 231, 235–7, 300

Second Empire (Germany), 155 Second Punic War (218–201 BC), 267 Second Republic (France), 1, 14,

228–9, 236

Sedan, battle of (1870), 65, 158 Segesser, Philipp Anton von, 158 Seguin,´ Philippe, 238 seigneurialism, 30

Senate (France), 29–33, 35, 37, 40–2, 47–51, 135, 141, 232, 273, 285, 287

Senate (Rome), 23, 99, 125, 203, 265–7, 271, 275, 279, 281–6 Senate (United States), 216, 297

Sieyes,` Emmanuel Joseph, 30, 58, 200, 228

Smith, Adam, 9, 58 socialism, 102, 136, 147, 171 Socialist Party (France), 224 Socialist Section Francaise de

l’Internationale Orvriere` (SFIO), 224

Society of 10 December (France), 121, 126

sociology, Weberian, 87, 166–7, 169, 173

Solon, 232

Soviet Communist Party, 208 Spengler, Oswald, 173

St.Jean d’Angely,´ Regnaud de, 37 Stahl, Friedrich Julius, 10, 69, 75 Stalin, Joseph, 241, 243–4, 246, 249,

251, 255

Stalinism, 5, 16, 20, 87, 174, 257–8, 300

Stein, Freiherr Karl vom, 9, 57–8 Stein, Lorenz von, 5

Strauss, David Friedrich, 72 Stuart dynasty, 43 Suetonius, 272, 283

suffrage, 33, 84, 85, 117, 121–2, 124, 131, 135, 137, 139, 142, 145–7, 150–1, 158, 252

Sulla, Lucius Cornelius, 22–3, 198, 264, 267–75

Sulzburger, C. L., 294 Sybel, Heinrich von, 72, 159

Tacitus, 276, 287–8

Talleyrand Perigord, Charles Maurice de, 8, 31, 35, 231

Taylor, A.J.P., 60

Thibaudeau, Antoine, 30–4, 37–8 Third International, 25–6

Third Republic (France), 15, 226, 230, 236

Thirty Years War, 55

Thody, Philip, 122

Thucydides, 105

Tiberius, 99, 287

Tilsit, treaty of (1807), 56, 60, 74 Tocqueville, Alexis de, 5, 11–14, 24,

83–102, 219, 223, 228 Tombs, Robert, 66

Totalitarian Dictatorship and Autocracy

(Friedrich, Brezinski), 26 totalitarianism, 4–5, 16, 20, 26, 87,

241, 243–9, 251–4, 256–60 Treaty of Amiens (1802), 29–30