- •27) Substantivisation of adjectives
- •28) Morph status of statives
- •29,30) Arguments – establishing statives – separate part of speech
- •31,32) Pronoun as a separate part of speech
- •33) Subclasses of pronoun
- •34) Morph characteristics of pronoun
- •35) Syntactical properties of pronoun. Combinability, syntactical function.
- •36) Verb, category of tense (definition)
- •37) Verb-triple opposition (Ilyish)
- •38) Future tense, tense as a binary opposition
- •39) Primary and prospective time (Blokh)
- •41) Separate gram category of aspect, opposite theory
- •42) Essence of perfect//non-perfect forms.
- •43) Correlation – oppositional theory.
- •44) Voice, definition
- •45) Voice opposites
- •46) Voice – opposition
- •49) Mood-definition
- •50) Mood opposites
- •51) Mood – system of 6 opposites (Smirnitsky)
- •52) Mood as a system of 3 mood opposites (Khlebnikova)
- •53) Mood as a binary opposition – Barkhudarov, Blokh.
39) Primary and prospective time (Blokh)
Blokh-forms of past,non-past,future and future-in-the-past constitute to different temporal categories; category of Primary time- constituted by 2 opposite members- past,non-past;future can hardly be included-as it has 2 variants-future and future-in-the-past.
The category of Prospective time-2 members-future,non-future. It shows whether action coincides with moment in past//whether it follows that moment.It is «purely relative». Future here has 2 variants-future,future-in-the-past, shows after-action in both cases.
40) Aspect It is ling representation of objective category of manner of action. Opposition – Contin-Non-contin. Contin form-2 semantic features-duration(action is always in progress),definiteness(action is alw limited to definite point of period). Contin forms are built up by auxil verb «to be»+present participle of verb.
Jespersen-cont form-mean of expressing limited duration, it expresse action as a frame to another which is performed within frame set by that 1st action.
Ivanova-cont form is rendering a blend of temporal and aspective meaning.
Sweet-cont form-rendering blend of temporal and aspective semantics, as denoting action in progress, simultaneous with another action or time point.
41) Separate gram category of aspect, opposite theory
Aspective category-opposition of contin forms of the verb to non-contin (indefinite-Blokh, common-Ilyish). Categ meaning=action in progress. Non-cont forms-unmarked members.
Smirnitsky,Ilyish,Barkhudarov-meaning of continuous is purely aspective-action in progress,developing action. The relative time meaning,simultainety, expressed by contin verbal forms; arguments against- 1)simult actions can be shown without contin forms-While I worked they were speaking-While I worked they spoke. Second action as durative, devel in time in the 1st sent and as a fact in the 2nd.2) The aspective meaning of contin form can be used in combinations with perfect-the perfect contin form, the very idea of perfect excluded any possibility of simultaneity.
42) Essence of perfect//non-perfect forms.
1) Tense view – Sweet, Curne, Bryant.
Perfect form denotes secondary temporal characteristics of action. Shows, that denoted action precedes other action in present, past or future. Denotes priority of one action in relation to another.
2) Aspect view – Deutchbein, Vorontsova.
Perfect form-purely aspective form, denotes some result, transmission of pre-eventto past-event.
3) Tense-aspect blend view – Ivanova
Perfect form-verbal form, expressing temporal and aspective functions in a blend, contrasted with indefinite form of neutralized aspective properties.
4) Strict categorical view – Smirnitsky, Ilyish, Barkhudarov.
Perfect form – its own category, is neuter a tense category nor an aspect one. Combination of meaning of perfect with meaning of development in perfect contin forms – logically impossible within the same category. But if we admit that there are 2 aspective categories in Engl – this combination possible.