Definig democracy

Democracy may be a word familiar to most. According to the dictionary definition, democracy “is government by the people in which the supreme power is vested in the people and exercised directly by them or by their elected agents under a free electoral system” (Webster’s New World Dictionary. Warner Books Paperback Edition. 1990). In the phrase of Abraham Lincoln, democracy is a government “of the people, by the people and for the people.”

Democracy falls into two basic categories: direct and representative. In a direct democracy all citizens can participate in making public decisions. Modern society, with its size and complexity, offers few opportunities for direct democracy. Today, the most common form of democracy is representative democracy, in which citizens elect officials to make political decisions, formulate laws and administers programs for the public good.

Freedom and democracy are often used interchangeably, but the two are not synonymous. Democracy is indeed the set of ideas and principles about freedom.

Most legal freedoms can be divided into three main groups:

• political freedom

• social freedom

• economic freedom

Political freedom includes the right to vote, to choose between the candidates for public office, and to run for office oneself.

Social freedom comprises freedom of speech, freedom of press, freedom of religion, freedom of assembly, academic freedom, due process of law.

Economic freedom enables people to make their own economic decisions. This freedom includes the right to own property, to use it, to make profit of it.

(What is Democracy? US Information agency, 1997; The individual in Society: Issues in English. I. Geniene, L. Miseviciene, etc. CfBT Educational Service, 1997)

Task 2. Get divided into groups of 3 or 4. Discuss how the main ideas and principles of democracy and freedom are observed in the Republic of Belarus. Use the above text as the theoretical basis for your discussion

SPEAKING

Task 1. Here are some opinions of famous people about freedom. Read and translate them. Work in pairs, choose one of the quotations, discuss it and make your comments. Present the results of your discussion to the group mates.

• “Man is condemned to be free.” Jean-Paul Sartre

• “Liberty means responsibility. That is why most men dread it.” George Bernard Shaw

• “It is often safer to be in chains than to be free.” Franz Kafka

• “Do not believe in freedom in the philosophical sense. Everybody acts not only external compulsion but also in accordance with inner necessity.” Albert Einstein

TEXT ANALYSIS

Read the following texts and make their analysis according to the following plan:

• State the theme / topic of the text;

• State the minor themes / topics if there are any;

• Formulate the main idea;

• Find rhemes / key words which support and develop the theme and the main idea;

• Make the summary of the text on the basis of the chosen rhemes.

You can do it in the form of the chart or the cognitive / mind map and produce the summary with the help of the chart you’ve made.

Text 1

Editorial