2.2. Прочитайте статью, ответьте на вопросы, затем составьте реферат статьи на русском языке:

New Zealand scientists record 'biodiversity breakdown'

By Neil Bowdler

Scientists in New Zealand say they have linked the modern-day decline of a common forest shrub with the local extinction of two pollinating birds over a century ago. They say the disappearance of two birds – the bellbird and stitch bird – from the upper North Island of the country has lead to a slow decline in common plants, including the forest shrub New Zealand gloxinia.

Ship rats and stoats imported into the country around the year 1870 are blamed for the birds' demise.

The researchers claim the study, published in the journal Science, offers rare experimental proof of a breakdown in a local ecosystem.

New Zealand gloxinia or Rhabdothamnus solandri is a gangly forest shrub, which grows in the shade to about 2m high and produces an orange tubular flower. It depends on three birds for pollination – the bellbird, stitch bird and the tui.

While the latter now seems only to feed higher up in the forest canopy, the former two vanished from upper North Island in the late 19th century. It is thought they were killed off by rats brought in by ships or by stoats introduced to control the local rabbit population.

The researchers wanted to observe the impact on New Zealand gloxinia of these disappearing bird populations and so compared the situation on the mainland with that of three nearby island bird sanctuaries where the birds remain abundant.

What they found was that pollination rates were vastly reduced on the mainland with seed production per flower 84 % lower compared with the islands.

While this has yet to fully manifest itself in the density of adult gloxinia populations on the mainland, the researchers found 55 % fewer juvenile plants per adult plant on the mainland vis-à-vis the islands.

A shoot of New Zealand gloxinia, showing the bird-pollinated flower and its hairy leaves.

The researchers could also quantify how often – or how little – birds visited the plant, as birds make distinct markings on the flower as they feed on the nectar.

«This plant is in trouble but it's a slow motion disaster», said Professor Dave Kelly of New Zealand's University of Canterbury, who led the research. «It hasn't been well pollinated for about the last 140 years – that's about when these birds disappeared off the North Island».

«In that time there haven't been enough seedlings coming through and so the plant is quietly crumbling away, fading away».

(«Science report», BBC News)

Вопросы:

1. What has lead to a slow decline in common plants, including the forest shrub New Zealand gloxinia?

2. What do scientists in New Zealand link the modern-day of a common forest shrub with?

3. How do the researchers quantity how often – or how little – birds visited the plant?

2.3. Перепишите предложение, заполнив пропуски подходящим по смыслу словом:

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