Verbs take second place, so far as antonymy is concerned. Yet, verbal pairs of antonyms

are fewer in number: to lose — to find, to live — to die, to open - to close, to weep - to laugh.

Nouns are not rich in antonyms, but even so some examples can be given: friend-enemy,

joy - grief, good — evil, heaven - earth, love - hatred.

Antonymic adverbs can be subdivided into two groups:

a) adverbs derived from adjectives: warmly - coldly, merrily — sadly, loudly - softly;

b) adverbs proper: now - then, here - there, ever - never, up - down, in - out.

Nowadays most scholars agree that in the semantic structures of all words, which

regularly occur in antonymic pairs, a special antonymic connotation can be singled out. We

are so used to coming across hot and cold together, in the same contexts, that even when we

find hot alone, we cannot help subconsciously registering it as not cold, that is, contrast it

to its missing antonym. The word possesses its full meaning for us not only due to its direct

associations but also because we subconsciously oppose it to its antonym, with which it is

regularly used, in this case to hot. Therefore, it is reasonable to suggest that the semantic

structure of hot can be said to include the antonymic connotation of "not cold", and the

semantic structure of enemy the connotation of "not a friend".

THEORETICAL GRAMMAR

Morphemic structure of the word

The morphological system of language reveals its properties through the morphemic structure of words.

The morpheme is a meaningful segmental component of the word; the morpheme is formed by phonemes; as a meaningful component of the word it is elementary (i.e. indivisible into smaller segments as regards its significative function).

The word is a nominative unit of language; it is formed by morphemes; it enters the lexicon of language as its elementary component (i.e. a component indivisible into smaller segments as regards its nominative function); together with other nominative units the word is used for the formation of the sentence — a unit of information in the communication process.

In traditional grammar the study of the morphemic structure of the word was conducted in the light of the two basic criteria: positional (the location of the marginal morphemes in relation to the central ones) and semantic or functional (the correlative contribution of the morphemes to the general meaning of the word). The combination of these two criteria in an integral description has led to the rational classification of morphemes that is widely used both in research linguistic work and in practical lingual tuition.

In accord with the traditional classification, morphemes on the upper level are divided into root-morphemes (roots) and affixal morphemes (affixes). The roots express the concrete, "material" part of the meaning of the word, while the affixes express the specificational part of the meaning of the word, the specifications being of lexico-semantic and grammatico-semantic character.

The roots of notional words are classical lexical morphemes.

The affixal morphemes include prefixes, suffixes, and inflexions (in the tradition of the English school grammatical inflexions are commonly referred to as "suffixes"). Of these, prefixes and lexical suffixes have word-building functions, together with the root they form the stem of the word; inflexions (grammatical suffixes) express different morphological categories.

The root, according to the positional content of the term (i.e. the border-area between prefixes and suffixes), is obligatory for any word, while affixes are not obligatory. Therefore one and the same morphemic segment of functional (i.e. non-notional) status, depending on various morphemic environments, can in principle be used now as an affix (mostly, a prefix), now as a root. Cf.:

out — a root-word (preposition, adverb, verbal postposition, adjective, noun, verb);

throughout — a composite word, in which -out serves as one of the roots (the categorial status of the meaning of both morphemes is the same);

outing — a two-morpheme word, in which out is a root, and -ing is a suffix;

outlook, outline, outrage, out-talk, etc. — words, in which out- serves as a prefix;

look-out, knock-out, shut-out, time-out, etc. — words (nouns), in which -out serves as a suffix.

The abstract complete morphemic model of the common English word is the following: prefix + root + lexical suffix+grammatical suffix.