14.Stocks and Shares

Stocks and Shares are the two sides of the same coin. Basically, they both mean the same thing. The difference between the two lies in the technical definition of the two.

When an investor holds the ownership certificates of a particular company then it is known as Shares.

Thus, Stock ownership means holding of ownership certificates of one or more than one company. Shares are certificates which represent ownership rights of the holder in a specific company.

Basically, Stocks and Shares signify the same thing where one is used in general term and the other in specific term.

15.Efficiency and employment

Through years in modern societies the maintaining low unemployment and sufficient job security was a vital part of governmental social policy. But in the latest days it has become hard to fulfill this function and employees all over the world are increasingly at risk. The chances of their jobs disappearing, of their incomes falling, of their homes being repossessed or being impossible to sell, of their families breaking up, of their networks of friendships disintegrating, have not been higher since the war.

There are already familiar risks that lead to worse social conditions: unemployment and low pay

16.Business ethics

Business ethics is a form of applied ethics or professional ethics that examines ethical principles and moral or ethical problems that arise in a business environment. It applies to all aspects of business conduct and is relevant to the conduct of individuals and entire organizations.

17.The role of government

While consumers and producers make most decisions that mold the economy, government activities have a powerful effect on the. economy in at least four areas.

Stabilization and Growth. Perhaps most importantly, the federal government guides the overall pace of economic activity, attempting to maintain steady growth, high levels of employment, and price stability. By adjusting spending and tax rates (fiscal policy) or managing the money supply and controlling the use of credit (monetary policy), it can slow down or speed up the economy's rate of growth -- in the process, affecting the level of prices and employment.

education

health care

housing

working conditions

social security

health ,safety

18,Money and taxation

necessary to mention two principles of taxation:

" The benefit received principle states that those who benefits from government programs are to pay taxes.

" The ability-to-pay principle states that only those people who are able to pay taxes should pay them.

taxation is important and today it's almost impossible to imagine how the government would provide all public services that it gives us today if there is no taxation.

Taxation (and how to avoid it!)

A The primary function of taxation is, of course,to raise revenue to finance government expenditure, but taxes can also have other purpoces.Indirect excise duties, for example, can be designed to dissuade people from smoking , drinking alcohol,and so on.Governnment can also encourage capital investment by permitting various methods of accelerated depreciation accounting that allow compnies to deduct more of the cost of investments from their profits, and