Quartz Fiber Calorimetry pra-0097

Full Title Quartz Fiber Calorimetry Tech Area / Field

• MAT-COM: Materials / Composites

• PHY-PFA: Physics / Particles, Fields and Accelerator Physics

Brief Description of Technology The goal of research is development of the calorimetry based on Cherenkov effect in optical quartz fibers embedded into an absorber matrix. This type of calorimeters is extremely radiation hard because of quartz fibers are capable to withstand high level of irradiation. Besides radiation hardness quartz fiber calorimeter has several other important features: a) fast signal (full duration less than 10 ns); b) low sensitivity to neutrons, to products of neutron reactions and to induced radioactivity; c) small visible shower size (twice smaller than in traditional calorimetry based on scintillation of secondary particles or ionization).

Several prototypes of quartz fiber calorimeters with copper absorber were assembled and successfully tested at high energy particle beams at CERN (Geneva, Switzerland). Induced light attenuation after fiber irradiation up to doses of 1000 GRad has been studied as well. This type of calorimeter will be constructed for the region of small angles of the CMS detector which will be built for operation at the Large Hadron Collider at CERN.

The technology for serial production of copper blocks with holes for quartz fibers is under development now. The cold rolling technique proved to be adequate for manufacturing grooves in copper plates. Diffusion welding will be used for manufacturing of monolithic blocks out of grooved plates.

Legal Aspects The results of research are not patented.

Special Facilities in Use and Their Specifications The facility for manufacturing of grooves in copper plates based on cold rolling and the facility of diffusion welding of plates into the block will be designed and set up during the performing of work on the ISTC Project #728.

Scientific Papers G.Anzivino et al. “Angular dependence of quartz fiber calorimeter response” in Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A 360 (1995) 237-239,

N.Akchurin et al. “Quartz fiber calorimeter” in Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A 379 (1996) 526-527.

Electric Discharge in Water with a Low Pulse Energyfor Purifying Water pra-0098

Full Title Research on the Influence of the Electrophysical Characteristics of Electric Discharge in Water with a Low Pulse Energy on its Biological and Chemical Influence, in Order to Use it for Purifying Water from Impurities Tech Area / Field

• BIO-PAB: Biotechnology and Life Sciences / Public Health

• OTH-ELE: Other / Electrotechnology

Brief Description of Technology As a result of numerous experiments carried out at the IPE RAS, it was found that the periodical pulse discharge in water with a pulse energy of about 0.5 J has a powerful bactericidal activity. This bactericidal activity is based on the following: if water shows a microbe pollution, the action of discharge on water kills the microbes. E.Coli bacteria were used as test objects. The tests were carried out under laboratory conditions in real water (at the St. Petersburg “Vodokanal”). The percentage of purification depends on the specific energetic value of the electric discharge. At a specific energetic value of about ~3-5 I/cm³, the bacterial concentration decreases by 5-6 times (N₀=10⁶ 1/l, N_k31/l). The bactericidal effect is based on the action of several factors: the direct discharge action and its products appearing in water (aquated electrons, active radicals), the products of photolysis of the ultra-violet radiation of the discharge, and the action of the mechanical waves and cavitation. The experiments showed that this action continues in water for a long time (from several months up to one year), independent of the initial presence or absence of microbes in water. Data on the discharge action on impurities of organic substances in water has been obtained. Under the influence of the discharge impurities, such as H₂ and CO₂, are eliminated.

The nature of the detected physical processes has not been completely investigated. Moreover, the influence of the electric discharge properties on the quantity characteristics of the detected effects has practically not been studied. At present, there is not enough data for choosing effective technological and electrophysical regimes, which can be recommended for the creation of experimental and commercial plant.

The electrophysical characteristics of the discharge (current strength, voltage, duration) and their influence on plasma discharge properties (temperature, emission ability, etc.) will be determined during the experiment. The relationship between these characteristics and the bactericidal and chemical actions of electric discharge will be determined.

We propose to carry out experiments at two different types of plants: laboratory-scale and experimental-commercial plants. In the laboratory-scale plant, experiments are carried out in a given constant volume of water. In experimental-commercial plants, water treatment is carried out in running canals at various water flow rates and pulse frequencies. A unique technology for the purification of water and aqueous solutions (including the purification of foodstuffs) and a technology for the preservation of these solutions for long periods of time will be created as a result of project fulfillment. The main distinguishing feature of this technology is its ecological cleanliness, because no chemical substances (Cl, F) are used.

Legal Aspects Some of the research on the application of the electrical discharge technology is being carried out in cooperation with USA, Israel and Denmark. Together with a US company, a patent on the “Method and Apparatus for Water Decontamination Using Electrical Discharge” was received in the United States in 1994: In the same year, the work on the “Electrodischarge Method for Water Purification from Chemical and Organic Substances and Microorganisms” won a prize at the competition of technologies at the First International Conference on the Commercialization of Environmental Technologies (September 12-16, 1994, Moscow).

Special Facilities in Use and Their Specifications Unique electrophysical equipment for electrical discharge technologies for water treatment at experimental and commercial plants is being developed at the IPE RAS. This equipment consists of high-voltage pulse generators (U₀ = 30-40 kV,  = 20 micro sec,  = 50-100 Hz) and electric discharge chambers with automatic systems of electrode supply.

Scientific Papers V.L. Goryachev, A.A. Bogomas , Ph.G. Rutberg, A.S. Remennoi “On the Efficiency of Pulse Electrical Discharge for Water Decontamination” Letters to the Journal of Technical Physics, V. 17, N 12, 1990.

V.L. Goryachev, A.S. Remennoi, N.A. Silin “Production of Aquated Electrons With the Help of Pulse High-Voltage Discharge” Letters to the Journal of Technical Physics,V16, N11,1990.

V.L. Goryachev, N.A. Silin “On the Synergetic Decontamination Effect of Pulse Electrical and Microwave Field” Letters to the Journal of Technical Physics, V 17, N 15,1991.

V.L. Goryachev, Ph.G. Rutberg, V.N. Fedukovitch “On Some of the Properties of Pulse Periodical Discharge in Water with a Pulse Energy of About 1 Joule”.