American Writers
James Baldwin
Born: August 2, 1924 New York, New York
Died: December 1, 1987 - Saint-Paul, France
Baldwin grew up in poverty in Harlem. From 14 to 16 he was active as a preacher in a small revivalist church, a period he would write about in his semiautobiographical first and finest Corner (performed 1965), about a woman evangelist.
After high school he began a restless period of ill-paid jobs, self-study, and literary apprenticeship in New York City. Disgusted with America's racial injustice, he left in 1948 for Paris, where he lived in poverty for eight years, during which he wrote the essay collection Notes of a Native Son (1955) and his second novel, Giovanni's Room (1956), which dealt explicitly with homosexuality. After 1969 he divided his time between the south of France, New York, and New England.
In 1957 Baldwin became an active participant in the civil-rights struggle. A book of essays, Nobody Knows My Name (1961), explores black-white relations, a theme also central to his novel Another Country (1962). In the impassioned The Fire Next Time (1963), perhaps his most powerful civil-rights statement, he said that blacks and whites must come to terms with the past and make a future together or face destruction.
Baldwin's later works include the bitter play about racist oppression Blues for Mister Charlie(produced 1964), the story collection Going to Meet the Man(1965), the novel Tell Me How Long the Train's Been Gone (1968), and the essay collection No Name in the Street (1972). Ranked with Richard Wright and Ralph Ellison as a spokesman for his generation of black writers, he has been acknowledged for his support and inspiration by such figures as Maya Angelou, Toni Morrison, and Amiri Baraka.
Betty Friedan
Born: February 4, 1921 - Peoria, Illinois
Betty Goldstein graduated from Smith College in 1942 and worked for five years before marrying Carl Friedan (divorced 1969) and settling uncomfortably into the life of a housewife, mother, and occasional freelance writer. Discovering in 1957 that several of her college classmates were as
Dissatisfied with their lives as she was with her own, she began a series of studies that eventually resulted in the landmark work The Feminine Mystique (1963). The book's thesis was that women were victims of a pervasive system of delusions and false values that urged them to find their fulfillment and identity vicariously, through their husbands and children. An immediate and controversial best-seller, it is now regarded as one of the most influential American books of the 20th century.
In 1966 Friedan cofounded the National Organization for Women (NOW), which was dedicated to achieving equality of opportunity for women. A founding member of the National Women's Political Caucus (1971), she was a leader of the campaign for
Ratification of the Equal Rights Amendment. The Second Stage (1981) assessed the status of the women's movement. The Fountain of Age (1993) addresses the psychology of old age, seeking to counter the notion that aging means loss and depletion. Her memoir, Life So Far, appeared in 2000.
David Halberstam
Born: April 10, 1934 - New York, New York
Died: April 23, 2007 - Menlo Park, California
After graduating from Harvard University, Halberstam worked as a reporter for the Nashville Tennessean (1956-60). He joined the New York Times in 1960 and was a foreign correspondent in the Congo, Vietnam, and Poland, receiving a Pulitzer Prize in 1964. With The Making of a Quagmire (1965) and Ho (1971), he began a series of books about politics and international relations, focusing on the Vietnam War. The Best and the Brightest (1972), a highly critical study of the leading foreign-policy figures in the Kennedy and Johnson administrations, became enormously successful and made Halberstam's name widely known. It was followed by such books as The Powers That Be (1979), about the increasing power of the news media; The Reckoning(1986), about the Japanese and American auto industries; The Fifties (1993), about American culture through the decade; and The Children (1998), about Southern civil-rights advocates of the 1960s. His books about baseball and other sports include Playing for Keeps (1999), about Michael Jordan. Halberstam's novels include The Noblest Roman (1961) and One Very Hot Day (1968).
Jerome David "J. D." Salinger
Synopsis
Born on January 1, 1919, in New York City, J.D. Salinger was a literary giant despite his slim body of work and reclusive lifestyle. His landmark novel, The Catcher in the Rye, set a new course for literature in post-WWII America and vaulted Salinger to the heights of literary fame. In 1953, Salinger moved from NYC and led a secluded life, only publishing one new story before his death.
Early Life
Writer. Born January 1, 1919 in New York City, New York, Jerome David Salinger, despite his slim body of work and reclusive lifestyle, was one of the more influential 2Oth century American writers. His landmark novel, Cather in the Rye, set a new course for literature in post World War II America and his short stories, many of which appeared in The New Yorker, inspired the early careers of writers such as Phillip Roth, John Updike, and Harold Brodkey.
Salinger was the younger of two children and only boy born to Sol Salinger, the son of a rabbi who ran a thriving cheese and ham import business, and his Scottish born wife Miriam. At a time when mixed marriages of this sort were looked at with disdain from all corners of society, Miriam's non-Jewish background was so well hidden that it was only after his bar mitzvah at the age of 14 that Salinger learned of his mother's roots.
Despite his apparent intelligence, Salinger, or Sonny as he was known as child, wasn't much of a student and after flunking out of the McBurney School near his home in New York's Upper West Side, was shipped off by his parents to Valley Forge Military Academy in Wayne, Pennsylvania.
Aspiring Writer
After graduating Valle Forge, Salinger returned to home for what proved to be only a year stay at New York University before heading off to Europe, flush with some cash and encouragement from his father to learn another language and bone up on the import business. But Salinger, who spent the bulk of his five months overseas in Vienna, paid closer attention to language than business.
Upon returning home, he made another attempt at college, this time at Ursinus College in Pennsylvania, before coming back to New York and taking night classes at Columbia University. There, Salinger met a professor, Whit Burnett, who would change his life.
Burnett wasn't just a good teacher; he was also the editor of Story magazine, an influential publication that showcased short stories. Burnett, sensing Salinger's talent as a writer, pushed him to write and soon Salinger's work was appearing not just in Story, but in other big-name publications such as Collier's and the Saturday Evening Post.
Military Service
His career had started to take off, but then, like so many young American men around this time, World War II interrupted his life. Following the attack on Pearl Harbor attack, Salinger was drafted into the army, which he served with from 1942-1944. His short military career saw him land at Utah Beach in France during the Normandy Invasion and be a part of the action at the Battle of the Bulge.
During this time, however, Salinger continued to write, assembling chapters for a new novel whose main character was a deeply unsatisfied young man named Holden Caulfield.
Salinger, however, did not escape the war without some trauma and when it ended, he was hospitalized after suffering a nervous breakdown. The details about Salinger's stay are shrouded in some mystery, but what is clear is that while undergoing care he met a woman named Sylvia, a German and possibly a former Nazi. The two married but their union was a short one, just eight months. He married a second time in 1955 to Claire Douglas, the daughter of a high profile British art critic, Robert Langdon Douglas. The couple was together for a little more than a decade and had two children together, Margaret and Matthew.
The Catcher in the Rye
When Salinger returned to New York in 1946 he quickly set about resuming his life as a writer and soon found his work published in his favorite magazine, The New Yorker. He also continued to push on with the work on his novel. Finally, in 1951 The Catcher in the Ryewas published.
The book earned its share of positive reviews, but some critics weren't so kind. A few saw Caulfield and his quest for something pure in an otherwise "phony" world as promoting immoral views. He seemed unhinged, possibly crazy.
But over time the American reading public ate the book up and The Catcher in the Rye became an integral part of the high school literature curriculum. To date the book has sold more than 120 million copies worldwide. Along the way Caulfield has become as entrenched in the American psyche as much as any fictional character. Mark David Chapman, the man who assassinated John Lennon was found with a copy of the book at the time of his arrest and later explained that reason for the shooting could be found in the book's pages.
Not surprisingly, Catcher vaulted Salinger to a level of unrivaled literary fame. For the still young writer, who had fiercely boasted in college about his talents, the success he had seemingly craved early in life became something to run away from once it arrived.
Reclusive Lifestyle
In 1953, two years after the publication of Catcher, Salinger pulled up stakes in New York City and retreated to a secluded, 90-acre place in Cornish, New Hampshire. There, Salinger did his best to cut-off contact with the public and significantly slowed his literary output.
Two collections of his work, Fanny and Zooey and Raise High the Roof Beam, Carpenters, all of which had appeared previously in The New Yorker, were published in book form in the early 1960s. In the June 19, 1965 edition of The New Yorker nearly the entire issue was dedicated to a new short story, the 25,000-word "Hapworth 16, 1924". Then, nothing. "Hapworth" was the last Salinger piece ever to be published while he was still alive.
Personal Life and Legacy
Despite Salinger's best efforts, not all of his life remained private. In 1966, Claire Douglas sued for divorce, reporting that if the relationship continued it "would seriously injure her health and endanger her reason."
Six years later Salinger found himself in another relationship; this time with a college freshman named Joyce Maynard, whose story, "18-Year-Old had appeared in The New York Times Magazine and caught the interest of the older writer.
The two lived together in Cornish for 10 months before Salinger kicked her out. In 1998 Maynard wrote about her time with Salinger in a salacious memoir that painted a controlling and obsessive portrait of her former lover. A year later, Maynard auctioned off a series of letters Salinger had written her while they were still together. The letters fetched $156,500. The buyer, a computer programmer, later returned them to Salinger as a gift.
In 2000, Salinger's daughter Margaret wrote an equally negative account of her father that like Maynard's earlier book was met with mixed reviews.
For Salinger other relationships followed his affair with Maynard. For some time he dated the actress Ellen Joyce. Later he married a young nurse named Colleen O'Neill. The two were married up until his death on January 27, 2010 at his home in Cornish.
Despite the lack of published work over the last four decades of his life, Salinger continued to write. Those who knew him said he worked every day and speculation swirls about the amount of work that he may have finished. One estimate claims that there may be as many as 10 finished novels locked away in his house.