Упражнение

Переведите.

1. Where the related languages do not agree, some or all of them must have made some change.

2. Where scholars diverge seriously in the views it is usually unsafe to follow any one interpretation.

3. Where there are not enough letters for an adequate representation of phoneme facts, the language has recourse to other devices.

4. Where it is known that a number of languages have all descended from a common ancestor, it is of course much preferable to group them according to the families they form.

Предложения-определения. Придаточные предложения-определения вводятся союзными словами why и that, которые стоят после определяемого существительного:

The reason why he has not come is not clear to me.

Причина (какая?) того, почему он не пришел, не ясна для меня.

2. Слова-заместители

Заместители существительного. Слова-заместители существительного употребляются в предложении во избежание повторения уже названного существительного. Они согласуются в числе с существительным, которое заменяют, и могут иметь перед собой предлог. Местоимения that, those употребляются без артикля, местоимения one, ones могут иметь перед собой определенный артикль. При переводе на русский язык существительное повторяется:

His handwriting resembles that of his father.

Его почерк похож на почерк его отца.

В том случае, если за словом-заместителем следует определительное придаточное предложение, возможен перевод тот, который:

This system of writing is quite different from the one described in the book.

Эта система письма совершенно отличается от той, которая описана в книге.

Упражнение

Найдите слова-заместители существительного. Переведите.

1. In reading Shakespeare’s works, one finds many common everyday words that are used with meanings quite different from those they have today.

2. The phonology of Korean is similar to that of both Japanese and Chinese, perhaps slightly favouring the latter.

3. Amber finds from North-Russian neolithic sites, in addition to those already mentioned in literature, are known at any rate from the dwelling places on the lake of Rostov.

4. I have pointed out that the language used by the child is determined far more by that of its playfellows than by that of its parents.

5. Aymara¹¹ is generally termed the “older” language, that is, that of wider extent in pre-Inca days, and one that has yielded ground to the Quechua¹².

6. The Ainus¹³ live in conditions somewhat similar to those of the Indians of the United States in certain arears of the Japanese islands, and are evidently the remnant of the people who inhabited the island empire before the Japanese came.

7. Hebrew¹⁴ has apparently successfully revived in Israel though Israeli Hebrew, too, is something quite different from that spoken in ancient times.

8. This sonnet and the one quoted above need, in fact, to be considered together.

9. Of course, the hieroglyphic writing had a stock of thousands of characters, and might well have included the ones we are looking for in texts which have disappeared or not yet been discovered.

10. Like that of Aztec¹⁵, the bibliography of Quechua is very large both early and recent. The best grammar seems to be that of Middendorf.

11. The later culture layer is poorer in forms and is more monotonous than the older one: many of the older types of harpoons and arrows are missing.

12. The skeletons were found in the trunk of a great tree. That of King Arthur was of a very large man, and Queen Guinevere¹⁶ was shrouded by her long golden hair.

Заместители прилагательного. Повторяющееся прилагательное может заменяться словом so. При переводе на русский язык следует либо повторить прилагательное, либо не переводить слово so:

The first chapter was very difficult, the second one less so.

Первая глава была очень трудная, вторая – менее (трудная).