3. Тексти по спеціалізації

Text 1.Telecommunications (Part I)

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It has come to mean as much about communication as just computers – thanks to the (1)ability to send information between machines.

There are several different ways to (2)distribute digital information. Computers in the same room or building are connected by a (3)local area network (LAN). Larger networks that link computers (4)world-wide are called (5)wide area networks (WAN). LANS and WANS consist of a collection of cables, (6)hubs, (7)routers and switches that (8)channel the data between the connected computers.

Computers (9)clustered locally can also be connected using an invisible and harmless infrared (10)beam – so-called (11)wireless LANS. These can avoid the need to install cables around the office, and are particularly useful where people need (12)to work on the move using portable computers.

The telephone network can also be used to send data between computers that are not linked together by cables or infrared signals. The most common way is to connect a device called a modem between the computer and the (13)phone socket. Both the sender and recipient must be connected (14)via a modem for this to work.

The modem changes the information to a series of ones and zeros before it is sent down the (15)telephone wire. The data is then transferred back into a (16)readable form before the recipient gets the information. The (17)measurement of speed is called Kbit/sec (Kilobits per second) or Mbit/sec (Megabits per second).

There are many different type of modem. Some are built into the computer, and others are (18)external devices. Most modems send data at the fastest (19)rate of 56 Kbit/sec. At a speed of 28.8 Kbit/sec, an A4 page of text can be sent in one second.

Pictures, sound and video clips, which amount to masses of data, ideally need faster (20)communications techniques.

(21)Options here include an (22)integrated services digital network (ISDN) telephone line is required. The computer needs a special (23)circuit card inserted for this to work, and the user needs to subscribe to a network. ISDN is three to four times faster than a modem.

1. здібність, здатність; 2. розповсюджувати цифрову інформацію; 3. локальна обчислювальна мережа; 4. по всьому світу; 5. розширена обчислювальна мережа (РОМ); 6. вузли;

7. маршрутизатори; 8. передавати; 9. об’єднувати в кластер;

10. випромінювання; 11. безпровідний; 12. працювати на виїзді;

13. гніздо для телефону; 14. через; 15. телефонний дріт; 16. чіткий; 17. вимір; 18. зовнішні пристрої; 19. швидкість; 20. комунікаційні технології; 21. опція, пункт меню, вaріант вибору;

22. інтегровані програми цифрової мережі; 23. електронна плата.

Вправа 2. Вивчіть напам’ять англійський варіант і український переклад наступних словосполучень з тексту.

To distribute digital information, integrated services digital network, circuit card, external devices, wide area networks.

Text 2. People and Technology

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The telephone changed the lives of millions, and now it’s (1)the turn of computers.

(2)Communications and computing are fast converging. The Internet, the largest (3)communications network in the world, already links over 70 million computers and more than 300 million people.

Computer chips and communications technologies are (4)being incorporated into a (5)wide range of consumer electronics to provide the next phase in the information technology (IT) revolution – (6)mass access to text, sound, pictures, and full motion video on demand.

The future will see chips in clothes, household and (7)office appliances, and building materials as the norm. They will (8)respond to our speech and gestures, and (9)build up a knowledge of us that enables them to (10)second-guess our commands. One day, they may even be able to “read” our minds, without the need for physical or verbal communication.

The rapidly (11)falling costs of communications and the (12)increasing power and (13)sophistication of computers will (14)have a huge impact on every aspect of our lives over the coming years. They are already dramatically changing the way we learn, live, work, and play in ways that we have quickly (15)taken for granted.

Children in hospital can “attend” classes by (16)video conferencing from their (17)sick beds. We can shop for groceries and manage our finances via the Internet from the comfort our own

homes. Workers can work in teams even though they are located all over the globe, (18)collaborating on the same document on their screens, watching others make changes. And virtual reality technology can (19)immerse us in a (20)fictional world where we can almost believe ourselves to be adventurers, warriors and “terminators”.

In the short period of time it has been around, the progress and (21)impact of computing, and the opportunities it offers everyone are simply (22)incredible.

1.черга; 2 засоби зв’язку; 3. мережа засобів зв’язку; 4. включаються до; 5. широка низка споживчих електротоварів; 6. масовий доступ; 7. офісне обладнання; 8. реагувати на; 9. накопичувати знання;

10. передбачити; 11. падаючі ціни; 12. зростаюча сила (міцність) 13. витонченість; 14. мати величезний вплив на; 15. приймати за належне; 16. відео трансляція; 17. лікарняні ліжка; 18. працюючи разом; 19. занурювати; 20. вигаданий (незвичайний, фантастичний) світ; 21. вплив; 22. неймовірний.

Вправа 2. Вивчіть напам’ять англійський варіант і український переклад наступних словосполучень з тексту.

Communications network, video conferencing, a huge impact on, increasing power, mass access.

Text 3. Storing Data

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Computers can (1)store data internally on the (2)built-in disk drive, (3)a hard disc, or externally on a (4)floppy disk or equivalent.

All PCS have a hard disc and come with (5)different capacities. At the end of the 1980’s, 10-20 MB was standard. But the need for (6)storage is constantly increasing. Programs are becoming (7)more complicated and (8)therefore need more (9)memory. We also use more programs now for different tasks – games, (10)graphics, home accounts, and so on.

Most PCS today have 4- GGB of memory and some as much as 10 or 20GB. This can store a huge amount of information. A 406 hard disc can hold the equivalent of 12,000 novels – a small library!

Moreover, the physical size of hard discs is shrinking, even while the amount of information they can store is increasing dramatically. This is significant, because it means that computer manufactures can build (11)pocket-sized PCS.

For example, IBM’S Micro Drive hard disc can store 340MB of data, or 1,100 novels, on the equivalent of a 10 pence piece weighing 20g. it is estimated that in four to five years’ time, the same sized disc will be able to store 406 of data. This will probably be necessary, since text and numbers don’t (12)take up a lot of memory, but graphics, sound and video do – a one second clip of a colour film takes up IMB of memory. Software that supports such multimedia is increasingly popular.

As well as storing data internally, you can also store it externally on floppy disks, sometimes also called diskettes. This is useful if you want to (13) transfer information to another machine.

Floppy disks are so called because when they were first invented, they were in (14)flimsy covers and the whole package (15)was bendable. Today, they are smaller and solid packages, and they can store more information. The earliest disks could hold only 360x6, but today, a disk can hold 1 – 4MB, the equivalent of 300-400 A4 pages of text.

The new zip-disks, so-called because they can compress or “zip up” information into a smaller space, can hold up to 250MB of data.

1. зберігати дані; 2. вбудований диск драйв; 3. жорсткий диск;4.гнучкий диск, дискета; 5. різні ємності; 6. пам’ять, збереження; 7.більш складні; 8.тому, отже; 9. ; 10.зображення (графічні); 11. кишеньковий; 12.займати; 13.передавати інформацію; 14. легкі обгортки; 15. гнучкий.

Вправа 2. Вивчіть напам’ять англійський варіант і український переклад наступних словосполучень з тексту.

To transfer information, different capacities, pocket-sized, flimsy covers, software.

Text 4. Electricity and Electronics

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“Atomic Age” is the name often applied to the period in which we live. It is also referred to as the “Air Age”. These terms emphasize the importance of science and invention in our time. But today we can speak of the “Age of Electricity and Electronics”.

We are constantly dependent upon electricity and electronics. It is very difficult to separate the meaning of the two words “electricity” and “electronics”. The field of electricity is usually thought of as electricity that is used in magnets, generators, motors, lights and heaters. The field of electronics is usually thought of as electricity that is used in radio, television and other equipment where electron tubes and transistors are needed.

Radio, television, sound pictures, fluorescent lighting and long-distance telephone calls owe their existence to electronics. So, one may say that communication has been the major purpose of electronics.

Electronics is closely connected with a serious of discoveries and inventions which have revolutionized the life of man in our century. The basic discoveries among them are electromagnetic waves, X-rays, wireless communication and a lot of others have produced what is known as electronics. Nothing can be done in modern research laboratory without the aid of electricity and electronics.

Press a button on the wall and a dark room is full of light. Switch on your radio or TV set and you will hear music, the latest news or see a play even from remote regions of the globe.

Nowadays people move on land much faster than the speediest horses. Powerful motors drive cars, diesel engines run trains from one country to another. In air people fly hundred times faster than birds. People enjoy these advancements thanks to the development of science and engineering.

We live in the age of machinery i.e. (that is) in the time when highly productive machines and up-to-date devices take the place of men for doing work. In industry and agriculture machines play the most important role. They lighten man’s labour and do all the hard work in mills, factories, mines and farms.

Machines help not only factory workers and farmers in their productive labour. They do part of scientists’ and explorers’ research work as well. Electronic instruments – radars, lasers and masers represent the latest developments of research equipment. Great and rapid changes take place in science and engineering. New branches of science appear: atomic physics, cybernetics, radio-astronomy. With the development of science and engineering a new man appear – a man who will use his hands less and less, but employ his brains more and more.

Text 5. A Modern Computer

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You live in an information age. You've already learned how fast the knowledge base is growing. You also know it is impossible for any one person to know everything. An educated person isn't necessarily someone who knows everything. An educated person knows where to find the information he or she needs!

A computer can be used to access (find) information on many topics. You can access information in several ways. Personal computers can be interfaced, or attached to, a CD-ROM (compact disk-read only memory) drive. An entire electronic encyclopedia, for example, can be accessed through a compact disk (CD). A compact disk can hold 1,300 times as much information as a floppy disk. Besides that, it accesses information in a matter of seconds. If you needed information on crash testing of cars, by the time you pulled the encyclopedia from the shelf, the computer would have that information for you. In addition, the

computer lists cross-references that allow you to tie the information with other subjects. Sometimes not all the information is available on CDs but many electronic encylopedias also include a bibliography (list of resources) so you can explore further.

Another way to access information from the outside world is by hooking the computer to a modem and a telephone line. A modem is an electronic device that lets computers share information. Attaching a modem to your computer lets you communicate with any other computer that has a modem. Modem is another acronym. It stands for modulator- demodulator.

Two computers can communicate with each other only if one computer can decode (understand) the information received from the other computer. When you receive a file over a modem it is called downloading. When you send a file over the modem to another computer it is called uploading. Communications software on each computer sets up a protocol (special settings) to allow information transfer. One important protocol is how fast information is sent on the telephone line. This is called the baud rate. Most common modems operate from 1,200 to 9,600 baud. The faster the baud rate, the less time you have to spend using the telephone line. The baud rate is important because if you're communicating long-distance the cost can increase quickly!

Using your computer and modem, you can access information stored in huge mainframe computers. Information services are companies that sell information to you. Did you ever think about paying for information like you would for another product such as a hamburger? A rapidly growing use of computers is for accessing information. Whenever a topic needs to be researched, an information service can save valuable time. It gives you bibliographies and abstracts (brief summaries) of articles in magazines as well as books. Abstracts let you see whether that resource will be useful to you.