Manhattan_GMAT_Critical_Reasoning_Reading
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Chapter 4
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sellte]tlCl;~S of the remain- |
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or second sentence, |
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sentences should be |
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you can |
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your sketch: |
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is where you |
How is the Skeletal |
used in an:,wennQ: |
The Skelletal |
GENERAL que:stlcm |
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passage, the purpose |
retllrning to
next section
A skeletal sketch
you |
each section |
of the passage only
when you are answeling
a question that pertains
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rep,eatt::d practlice with REAL |
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GMAT rea<iing |
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toll.owing eX2lmj:lles nrr,uir!p model Skeletal Sketches for |
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The |
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PASSAGE 1 |
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Two |
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definitions have |
traditional culture. Cultural and instrumen- |
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dominated sociologists'discussions of the |
tal components of ethnicity are not mutual- |
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The first emphasizes |
ly exclusive, but rather reinforce one |
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nature |
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and take notes. Then |
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character |
another. |
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pmmordial and |
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the |
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have an |
The Civil Rights movement also |
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is satis- |
brought changes in the uses to which |
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ethnicity was putby Mexican Am~rican |
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,othnlt"ihl dl9-empha~)IZ€lSthe |
people. In the 1960's,Mexicanp,mericans |
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formed community-based political groups |
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",U'I.UI·Q'Cl)mpOl1erlt and |
ethnic |
that emphasized ancestral heritage as a |
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groups as interest groups. In this view, |
way of mobilizing constituents. Such |
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ethnicity serves as a way of mobilizing a |
emerging issues as immigration and vot- |
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certain population behind issues rAI:'ltirlrt |
ing rights gave Mexican American advoca- |
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to its economic |
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While both of |
cy groups the means by which to promote |
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dejfiniltiorls are |
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neither fully |
ethnic solidarity. Like European ethnic |
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captures the dynamic and changing |
groups in the nineteenth-century United |
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aspects of ethnicity in the United States. |
States, late-twentieth-century Mexican |
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R",fh",. ",-,hn,il"ii'"is more satisfactorily |
American leaders combined ethnic with |
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preex~ |
In 1968 |
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LONG vs. SHORT STRATEGY
The fAllon/ina is a Skt;ietal Sketch of
*Two views of ethnicity:
1.Primordial and unchanging view: people have essential need for belonging, satisfied by group based on shared ancestry/culture
2.Interest groups view: de-emphasizes cultural component, mobilizes group behind economic issues
*Both views useful but neither captures ethnicity in US
*Better: Ethnicity is PROCESS in which preexisting bonds + culture are ad,lptE~d for use in changing real-life situations
....-.+ Example: Rise of participation by Native Americans in US politics since Civil Rights movement in 1960's
POLITICS, TRIBAL HISTORY, REINFORCE
Rights movement caused change in Me:xic:an-Alnericcm use of
IMMIGRATION, VOTING RIGHTS, EUROPEANS, CISNEROS, JUAREZ, CINCO MAYO, IRISH-AMERICANS, ST. PATRICK'SDAY
is
Chapter 4
You should have the
most detall in |
skull |
ofyollf
psychc)active sUbl$talnce on
have recently caffeirle affects behavior by
countering the activity in the human.·brain of a natiJrally occurring chemical called adenosine. Adenosine normally depresses
neuron firing in |
areas of the brain. It |
apparently does |
inhibiting the |
release of |
chemicals |
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neuron |
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which is structurally |
similar to adenosine, is able to bind to |
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both |
of receptors, which prevents |
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and allows |
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neurons to fire more readily than they
phosphodiesterase in the brain are much higher than those that produce stimulation. Moreover, other compounds that block phophodiesterase'sactivity are not stimulants.
To buttress their case that caffeine acts instead by preventing adenosine binding, Snyder et al compared the stimulatory effects of a series of caffeine derivatives with their ability to dislodge adenosine from its receptors in the brains of mice. "In general," they reported, "the ability of the compounds to compete at the receptors correlates with.their ability to stimulate locomotion in the mouse; Le., thehi.ghertheir capacitYLo>bind(3t the receptors, the higher their ability to stimulate locomotion." Theophylline, a close structural relative of caffeine and the major stimulant in tea, was one of the most effective compounds in both regards.
There were some apparent exceptions to the general correlation observed between adenosine-receptor binding and stimulation. One of these was a compound called 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine
depr€lssing mouse low concentrations and stimulating it at higher ones.
Chapter 4
pn:ce,dlJJlg passage:
-:,. Pn:wiouslv |
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enzyme that |
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NEUROTRANSMITTERS, |
CONCENTRATION, BLOCK |
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PHOSPHO |
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to |
-~ Ex(~eptiorls
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text on the computer screen |
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passages average |
30 |
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dltl!1iIU 3 quesl:10'tlS, altll10l1gl1 |
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vanes. |
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SHORT passages are |
to |
passages in several ways. |
all |
pas- |
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sages cover the same three |
areas - Social Science, |
and Business. |
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SHORT |
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contain those |
detail-laden GMAT sentences. |
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dC:;Pl1te their |
SHORT |
contain too much information to |
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paS$a~;cs, there is sufficient |
to OU'tllrlC SHORT pas- |
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you should |
a DETAIL |
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A |
MAP serves several purposes: |
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the text by using |
to promote active reading. |
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geller:lt stmcture of the text. |
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of |
text, promoting a thorough first re:::lollt1g. |
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has several
summarize
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STRATEGY Chapter 4 |
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Detail Maps for Real Examples |
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Using Detail |
is best learned by re~)ea1tedpractH:e with REAL GMAT readin,g pas- |
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sages. |
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for SHORT |
taken |
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from |
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Australian researchers have discovered electroreceptors (sensory organs designed to respond to electrical fields) clustered at the of the spiny anteater's snout. The researchers made this discovery by exposing small areas of the snout to extremely weak el€Jctrical and recording the transmission of resulting nervous activity to the brain. While it is true that tactile receptors, another kind of sensory organ on the anteater'ssnout, can also respond to electrical stimuli, such receptors do so only in response to electrical field strengths about 1,000 times greater than those known to excite electroreceptors.
Having discovered the electroreceptors, researchers are now investigating how anteaters utilize such a sophisticated sensory system. In one behavioral experi-
ment, researchers successfully trained an anteater to distinguish between two troughs of water, one with a weak electrical field and the other with none. Such evidence is consistent with researchers' hypothesis that anteaters use electroreceptors to detect electriGal signals given off by prey; however, researchers as yet have been unable to detect electrical signals emanating from termite mounds, where the favorite food of anteaters live. Still, researchers have observed anteaters breaking into a nest of ants at an oblique angle and quickly locating nesting chambers. This ability to quickly locate unseen prey to the researchers, that the anteaters were using
their |
to locate the nesting |
chambers. |
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-+ Disicoverv: EXP()SE~d small parts of snout to \Neak electriC |
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+ recorded |
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re(~e~)to!rs on snout |
respond to c:Tr,"Int101" |
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Your detail map
include topic sentences
and supporting
for cach paragraph
the
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hOlNe\/er, the |
payoffs may go to |
that |
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in developing integrated approaches |
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for successful mass |
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and distri- |
bution. |
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Producers of |
Beta format for |
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vid,::oc,assJette recorders (VCR's),for de\/eiclp the VCR
!J1,-,'\.IuvCI.;:>of
ers and to and market their VCR format. Seeking to
maintain exclusive control over VCR distri- 
producers were reluctant to form such alliances and eventually lost grclullid to VHS in the competition for the global VCR market.
Despite Beta'ssubstantial technological head start and the fact that VHS was neither technically better nor cheaper than Beta, developers of VHS quickly turned a slight early lead in sales into a dominant position. Strategic alignments with producers of prerecorded tapes reinforced the VHS advantage. The perception among consumers that prerecorded tapes were more available in VHS format further expanded VHS'sshare of the market. By the end onhe 1980's,Beta was no longer in production.
CUt,alfl/, page 354
tollm;v!no is a Detail |
of the preceding SHORT passage: |
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stnateQiC ""m~n,~o<:: w/!::lroducer's+ distritmtl)fS
to roil.,f,.,.."o advalntaioe
Chap}e_.r·_5
CRITICAL REASONING & 
NG COM ENSIO
QUESTION
This Chapter . . .
StrateJryes tor All Reading Comprehension ~uestlons