33. Richard Aldington, (8 July 1892 – 27 July 1962) was an English writer and poet.

Aldington was best known for his World War I poetry, the 1929 novel Death of a Hero, and the controversy arising from his 1955 Lawrence of Arabia: A Biographical Inquiry. His 1946 biography, Wellington, was awarded the James Tait Black Memorial Prize for that year.

Death of a Hero is the story of a young English artist named George Winterbourne who enlists in the army at the outbreak of World War I. The book is narrated by an unnamed first-person narrator who claims to have known and served with the main character. It is divided into three parts.The first part details George's family history. His father, a middle-classed man from England's countryside, marries a poor woman who falsely believes she is marrying into a monied family. After George's birth, his mother takes a series of lovers.George is brought up to be a proper and patriotic member of English society. He is encouraged to follow in his father's insurance business, but he fails to do so. After a falling out with his parents, he moves to London to pursue art and live a socialite lifestyle.

The second section of the book deals with George's London life. He ingrains himself in socialite society and engages a number of trendy philosophies.

After he and his lover, Elizabeth, have a pregnancy scare, they decide to marry. Although they do not have a child, the marriage stands. They decide to leave their marriage open. George takes Elizabeth's closet friend as a lover, however, their marriage begins to fall apart. Just as the situation is becoming particularly heated, England declares war on Germany. George decides to enlist.The third part of book:George trains for the army and is sent to France. (No particular location in France is mentioned. The town behind the front where George spends much of his time is referred to as M---.) He fights on the front for some time. When he returns home, he finds that he has been so affected by the war that he cannot relate to his friends, including his wife and lover.The story ends with George standing up during a machine-gun barrage. He is killed.

34. There were three Bronte sisters - Charlotte (1816-1855), Emily (1818-1848) and Anne (1820-1849). They were raised in an Irish Protestant family. Their father was a clergyman in Yorkshire. They received education at a charity school and worked as governesses. Private teaching was the only profession open to educated women, and the Brontes needed to earn their living. They found their work unendurable and sought to relieve their loneliness by creating a new world of their imagination.Jane Eyre (pronounced /ˌdʒeɪn ˈɛər/) is a famous and influential novel by English writer Charlotte Brontë. It was published in London, England in 1847with the title Jane Eyre. An Autobiography under the pen name "Currer Bell".Jane Eyre is a first-person narrative of the title character, a small, plain-faced, intelligent and honest English orphan. The novel goes through five distinct stages: Jane's childhood at Gateshead, where she is abused by her aunt and cousins; her education at Lowood School, where she acquires friends and role models but also suffers privations; her time as the governess of Thornfield Manor, where she falls in love with her Byronic employer, Edward Rochester; her time with the Rivers family at Marsh's End (or Moor House) and Morton, where her cold clergyman-cousin St John Rivers proposes to her; and her reunion with and marriage to her beloved Rochester at his house. Partly autobiographical, the novel abounds with social criticism and sinister gothic elements.

Wuthering Heights is Emily Brontë's only novel. It was first published in 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell.The name of the novel comes from the Yorkshire manor on the moors on which the story centers (as an adjective, Wuthering is a Yorkshire word referring to turbulent weather). The narrative tells the tale of the passionate, yet thwarted, love between Heathcliff and Catherine Earnshaw, and how this unresolved passion eventually destroys them and many around them.

35.Bernard Shaw was born in Dublin in a family of a civil servant He was fifteen when he left school to become an office boy at a firm of land agents in Dublin. Being ford of the theatre he visited k from his earliest years and acquired so profound a knowledge of Shakespeare that he knew many of the plays by heart.

At the age of nineteen Shaw moved to England to spend his remaining 75 years there. In London B. Slaw had no intention of continuing office work and lie spent a lot of time educating himself Between 1879 and 1883 lie wrote five long novels, such as Immaturity. Irrational Knot and Love Among the Artists in which he tackled the problems of marriage and showed himself as the fighter for family relations built on spintu.il understanding free from social and dass prejudices. Oiler works arc An Unsocial Socialist and Caxhel Byron s Profession.About this time Shaw was offered a job in the Pall Mall. Gazette and in a short time he became one of the most popular critics of music, art and drama in London. He published several books of criticism on music and tltcatrc. among them London Mwic. Music in London, Our Theatres in the Nineties.

Widower's Houses. The first performance of. B. Shaw's play Widower's Houses in 1892 was quite a sensation. Shaw was attacked both by the public and the critics who called him a cynic. A respectable English gentleman Sirtorius Ins made his fortune by renting tenement houses in the slum area The houses arc in a terrible state, but he refuses to spend any money on repairs. During the rest on the Rein he acquaints his daughter Blanche with a young doctor Harry Trench. They fall in love with each other and decide to many. They return to England where Harry Trench pays a visit to Mr. Sartorius and is shocked at finding out that Sartorius's wealth has come from slum property. . However, Sartorius proves to Trench that the wealth of the latter comes from the same source, because the slums arc located on the land that belongs to Trench and his aunt

Mrs.Warren't Profession. Mrs. Warren is a proprietress of several brothels in Belgium. Vienne. Budapest and she profits greatly from them. She considers her business quite honest and noble Her mother told the story of life of three sisters: one of them got poisoned by laid at the factory and died, another married a worker and kept house and three children for 16 shillings a week till her husband deteriorated through heavy drinking. Prostitution is tackled by Shaw as the social evil and he severely criticizes it.

36. William Shakespeare (26 April 1564 – 23 April 1616) was an English poet and playwright, widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world's preeminent dramatist. He is often called England's national poet and the "Bard of Avon".His surviving works consist ofplays, sonnets, two long narrative poems, and several other poems.

Shakespeare was born and raised in Stratford-upon-Avon. At the age of 18, he married Anne Hathaway, who bore him three childrenBetween 1585 and 1592, he began a successful career in London as an actor, writer, and part owner of a playing company, later known as the King's Men. He appears to have retired to Stratford around 1613, where he died three years later. Few records of Shakespeare's private life survive, and there has been considerable speculation about such matters as his physical appearance, sexuality, religious beliefs, and whether the works attributed to him were written by others. His early plays were mainly comedies and histories, genres he raised to the peak of sophistication and artistry by the end of the sixteenth century. He then wrote mainly tragedies, including Hamlet, King Lear, and Macbeth, considered some of the finest works in the English language.Hamlet is a tragedy by William Shakespeare. The play, set in Denmark, recounts how Prince Hamlet exacts revenge on his uncle Claudius, who has murdered Hamlet's father, the King, and then taken the throne and married Gertrude, Hamlet's mother. The play vividly charts the course of real and feigned madness—from overwhelming grief to seething rage—and explores themes of treachery, revenge, incest, and moral corruption.Hamlet is Shakespeare's longest play and among the most powerful and influential tragedies in the English language.

37. John Milton (9 December 1608 – 8 November 1674) was an English poet, author, polemicist and civil servant for the Commonwealth of England. He is best known for his epic poem Paradise Lost .He was both an accomplished, scholarly man of letters and polemical writer, and an official serving under Oliver Cromwell. His views may be described as broadly Protestant, if not always easy to locate in a more precise religious category. Milton was writing at a time of religious and political flux in England, and his poetry and prose reflect deep convictions, often reacting to contemporary circumstances. He wrote also in Latin and Italian, and had an international reputation during his lifetime.J.M.was born 9 December 1608 to a prosperous and cultured middle class Puritan family. In Milton’s childhood and much into this teen years, he attended.J.M. starded at Christ's College, Cambridge, to be educated for the ministry. He was temporarily expelled because of a conflict with one of his tutors. He read both ancient and modern works of philosophy, history, politics, literature and science, in preparation for a prospective poetical career. As a result of such intensive study, M is considered to be among the most learned of all English poets; in addition to his years of private study, Milton had command of Latin, Greek, French, Spanish, and Italian from his school and undergraduate days.Paradise Lost is an epic poem in blank verse by the 17th-century English poet John Milton.The poem concerns the Judeo-Christian story of the Fall of Man; the temptation of Adam and Eve by the fallen angel Satan and their expulsion from the Garden of Eden. Milton's purpose, stated in Book I, is to "justify the ways of God to men"and elucidate the conflict between God's eternal foresight and free will.The poem grapples with many difficult theological issues, including fate, predestination, and the Trinity.

38.R. L. Stevenson was born in Edinburgh. His father was a civil engineer. The boy's health was poor, and later on he often spoke about it in his poems:

His ancestors were the builders of light-houses and wished him to continue their business. Stevenson studied law and engineering at the University of Edinburgh, but never practiced them, though he showed great talent as an engineer and in 1871 received the silver medal of the Royal Edinburgh Society for his scientific work on intermittent light for the lighthouses. Since childhood he had dreamt of literary career. His life was a heroic struggle with a lung disease, and he spent much lime abroad. Until 1879 he mainly lived in France. In 1880 they married. His stepson Lloyd Osborn became the co-author of a few later books. When his lung disease progressed Fanny took him to the Southern seas. They visit Hawaii. Tahiti, and travel around the Polynesian Islands. Stevenson first won fame with the publication of a romance entitled Treasure Js/and (1&&1). It was immediately popular with (lie public. Treasure Island was followed by the historical novels The Black Arrow (1888), Kidnapped (1886) and ils sequel Catriona (1893). The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1886) shows the battle of good and evil in man's heart. Stevenson is also the author of The Master ofBallantrae (1889). The Wrong Box (1889) and a number of mystery stories. At his death he was working on Weir of Hermiston. This unfinished novel is considered to be the best of Stevenson's whole work. Robert Louis Stevenson is generally referred lo as a neo-romanticist.

Treasure Island. It is the first of Stevenson's romances of adventure. This novel belongs to the class of books which are at once exciting for boys and fascinating for adults. It makes its appeal - to the reader by the romantic situations, fascinating events and the most exciting adventures of the characters. Treasure Island is a story of a search for buried treasure. The hero of the novel is Jim Haukins. It is he who tells the reader about his adventures. At the Admiral Benbow Inn an old sailor leaves a chest with some papers. Among the papers there is the map of Treasure Island. From this very moment Jim's adventures begin. He and his friends. Doctor Livesey and Squire Trelawncy set out for the island They outfit a ship, but there are some dangerous men in the crew. To make the mailers worse. Long John Silver and his gang are also after the treasure. At the end of (he story Jim returns home from the island with the treasure.

39.Graham Greene, an English novelist and short story writer. He was educated at Berkhamstead School of which his father was headmaster. He studied also at Oxford, where he won a fellowship in Modem History. Then he moved to London where he worked as sub-editor of the London Times (1926—1930). He travelled a good deal in America and for some time he lived in Mexico, which became a scene of more than one of his books.

From I9J5 lo 1939 he was a film critic for the Spectator. When World War the second broke out he went toWest Africa to work for the Foreign Office. From 1954 G.Grecnc worked as a journalist in Indo-China.

Greene's novels deal with real-life burning problems. Some bourgeois critics class Greene among the "modernists" because the themes employed by Greene and the "modernists" arc much the same. Greene is known as the author of psychological detective novels -"entertainments", and "serious novels" - as he called them.

Greene's well-known novel The Quiet American (1955) gives evidence of great changes in the author's world outlook He has come to the conclusion that in the complicated present-day political situation an honest person cannot stand aside from social struggle.

The novel The Comedians (1966) is built up on two different and contradictor) planes. One of them is the tragicomedy played by the middle-aged white colonial officials - a comedy characteristic of Greene-the -sceptic. The more important, new plane, however, is the serious one -the fight of the Haitian partisans against Papa Doc's regime. The other novels belonging to the serious category are: The Man Within (1929X The Name of Action. It's a Battlefield (1934), The Power and the Glory (1940), The End of the Affair (1951). Greene originally divided his fiction into two genres: thrillers (mystery and suspense books), such as The Ministry of Fear, which he described as entertainments, often with notable philosophic edges, and literary works, such as The Power and the Glory.His later efforts, such as The Human Factor, The Comedians, Our Man in Havana, and The Quiet American, combine these modes in compressed but remarkably insightful work.

40. W. S.Maugham (pronounced 'mawm')(25 January 1874 – 16 December 1965) was an English playwright, novelist and short story writer. William Somerset Maugham is one of the best known writers of the present day. He was not only a novelist of considerable rank, but also one of the most successful dramatists and short-story writers.

W. S. Maugham was born in Paris, where his father was a solic­itor for the British Embassy. His mother died when he was eight. Two years later the father followed, and the orphan child was sent to his paternal uncle, a clergyman in Whitetable, Kent. What he experienced in that cold and rigid environment he has told in Of Human Bondage, which except for its ending is almost entirely autobiographical. At thirteen he was sent to King's School,with an intention that he should proceed to Oxford and pre­pare to enter the church.

But he had always wanted to write and finally secured his un­cle's permission to go to Heidelberg University. According to his uncle's will he had to choose a profession and he chose medicine, thus entering St. Thomas Hospital in London in 1892. In 1898 he attained his medical degree, but he never practiced, except for a brief period in the Lambeth slums as an internist. He then visited Italy and France, where he set­tled down in Paris. His talent for fiction, however, had little suc­cess and he tried his hand at playwriting. His luck turned only in 1907, with his first successful play Lady Frederick. In the succeed­ing years he produced plays which made him both famous and pros­perous.Several times he went on round the world trips, and spent long periods in the USA, the South Seas, China and Russia. During World War I he enlisted with a Red Cross Ambulance Unit. Later, howev­er, he was transferred to the Intelligence Service (Secret Service) and was sent to Russia to prevent the Bolsheviks from coming to power in Russia and prevent the change of the government.Early in the 1930's Maugham settled down near Paris. At the outbreak of World War II he was assigned to special work at the British Ministry of Information in Paris. The Nazi advance over­took him there; he managed, however, to reach England, leaving behind him all his belongings and many of his unfinished manu­scripts. In the years following he settled down in England.Of Human Bondage (1915) is considered to be his masterpiece. It is clearly based on the author's personal experience, but the novel should not be regarded as autobiographical. This is a story about Philip Carey, brought up by his uncle, a vicar. He prayed much and believed in the omnipotence of God. This was the first bondage he experienced in life - religious bondage. Being lame he experienced physical bondage which in a way isolated him from others. He stud­ied art for two years but he realized that his wish to become a real artist would never come true. Philip left Paris to become a medical student. His love affair with Mildred, a waitress in a tea shop, brought him financial difficulties and he left his medical service. The reality which was offered him differed terribly from the ideal of his dream. He experiences other bondages - cruelty, unhappiness, grief and pain, both physical and moral. They all are the consequences of the unjust social system.The Moon and Sixpence (1919) deals with the life of a painter.He possessed a keen and observant eye and in his best works he ridiculed philistinism, narrow-mindedness, hypocrisy, snobbery, money worship, pretence, self-interest, etc. His acid irony and bril­liant style helped him win a huge audience of readers.W. S. Maugham, a highly prolific novelist and playwright, has left a legacy of novels, novelettes, short stories, essays and over 20 plays.

41. Archibald Joseph Cronin (19 July 1896–6 January 1981) was a Scottish novelist, dramatist and writer of non-fiction who was one of the most renowned storytellers of the twentieth century. His best-known works are The Stars Look Down, The Citadel, The Keys of the Kingdom and The Green Years, all of which were adapted to film.

Cronin was born in Cardross, the only child of a Protestant mother, Jessie Cronin, and a Catholic father.Cronin was not only a precocious student at Dumbarton Academy who won many prizes and writing competitions, but an excellent athlete and footballer. From an early age, he was an avid golfer, a sport he enjoyed throughout his life, and he loved salmon fishing as well. The family later moved to Yorkhill, Glasgow, where he attended St. Aloysius' College. Due to his exceptional abilities, he was awarded a scholarship to study medicine at the University of Glasgow. Cronin served as a Royal Navy surgeon during World War I before graduating from medical school. After the war, he trained at various hospitals .

Many of Cronin's books were bestsellers which were translated into numerous languages. His strengths included his narrative skill and his powers of acute observation and graphic description. Although noted for its deep social conscience, his work is filled with colorful characters and witty dialogue. Some of his stories draw on his medical career, dramatically mixing realism, romance, and social criticism.

The Citadel is a novel by A. J. Cronin, first published in 1937, which was groundbreaking with its treatment of the contentious theme of medical ethics. It is credited with laying the foundation in Great Britain for the introduction of the NHS a decade later. For his fifth book, Dr. Cronin drew on his experiences practicing medicine in the coal mining communities of the South Wales Valleys, specifically the town of Tredegar, where he had researched and published reports on the correlation between coal dust inhalation and lung disease. Additionally, he worked as a doctor for the Tredegar Medical Aid Society at the Cottage Hospital, which served as the model for the National Health Service. Cronin once stated in an interview, "I have written in The Citadel all I feel about the medical profession, its injustices, its hide-bound unscientific stubbornness, its humbug .The horrors and inequities detailed in the story I have personally witnessed. This is not an attack against individuals, but against a system.

42. John Boynton Priestley (13 September 1894 – 14 August 1984) was an English novelist, playwright and broadcaster. On leaving grammar school Priestley worked in the wool trade of his native city, but had ambitions to become a writer. He was to draw on memories of Bradford in many of the works he wrote after he had moved south. Priestley served during the First World WarHe was wounded in 1916 by mortar fire. In his autobiography, Margin Released he is fiercely critical of the British army and in particular of the officer class.

After his military service Priestley received a university education at Trinity Hall, Cambridge. By the age of 30 he had established a reputation as a humorous writer and critic. His novel Benighted (1927) was adapted into the James Whale film The Old Dark House (1932); the novel has been published under the film's name in the United States.

He moved into a new genre and became as well known as a dramatist. Dangerous Corner began a run of plays that enthralled West End theatre audiences. His best-known play is An Inspector Calls (1946)His plays are more varied in tone than the novels, several being influenced by J.W. Dunne's theory of time, which plays a part in the plots of Dangerous Corner and Time and the Conways.Many of his works have a political aspect. For example, An Inspector Calls, as well as being a "Time Play", contains many references to socialism — the inspector was arguably an alter ego through which Priestley could express his views [1].

Dangerous Corner is a stage play written by J. B. Priestley, first performed in 1932.

Robert and Freda Caplan are entertaining guests, all of whom are associated in the same publishing company for whom Robert works. A chance remark by one of the guests ignites a series of devastating revelations, revealing a hitherto undiscovered tangle of clandestine relationships and dark secrets, the disclosures of which have tragic consequences. The play ends with time slipping back to the beginning of the evening and the chance remark not being made, the secrets remaining hidden and the "dangerous corner" avoided.

44. Richard Brinsley Sheridan (30 October 1751 – 7 July 1816) was an Irish playwright and Whig statesman. R.B. Sheridan was born in Dublin.Richard seems to have had two good plays, one good opera, and one good oration in his system. His life, aside from that, boils down to twenty years of fashionable life in London as a dabbler in politics, the companion of dissolute princes and a wastrel. At the age of 21, following a romantic elopement, he married and set up housekeeping in London on a grand scale with no money and no prospects except his wife's dowry. The young couple, nevertheless, entered the fashionable world and apparently held up their end in entertaining.Sheridan's lucky star was in the ascendant, however, for on January 1775, at the Covent Garden Theatre, The Rivals was produced. The first performance was not a success. It was too long and the part of Sir Lucius O'Trigger was poorly played. On January 28, a second performance proved a complete success, establishing both play and playwright in the favour of fashionable London. 1777, Sheridan directed his masterpiece, A School for Scandal, in the Drury Lane theatre of which he was now manager.

In 1780 Sheridan entered Parliament as the ally of Charles James Fox on the side of the American Colonials. As a consequence, his first speech in Parliament had to be a defence against the charge of bribery.

The School for Scandal is a comedy of manners written by R.S. It was first performed in London at Drury Lane Theatre on May 18, 1777.With principal themes of "the deceptive nature of appearances, the fickleness of reputation, [and] the often disreputable guises behind which goodness and honesty can conceal itself," it has been noted that "The play remains to this day a crowd-pleaser and one of the standard repertory pieces in our dramatic literature."

43. David Herbert Lawrence (11 September 1885 – 2 March 1930) was an English author, poet, playwright, essayist and literary critic. His collected works represent an extended reflection upon the dehumanising effects of modernity and industrialisation. In them, Lawrence confronts issues relating to emotional health and vitality, spontaneity, human sexuality and instinct. Lawrence spent his formative years in the coal mining town of Eastwood.His working class background and the tensions between his parents provided the raw material for a number of his early works. Lawrence would return to this locality, which he was to call "the country of my heart," as a setting for much of his fiction.

The young Lawrence attended Board School becoming the first local pupil to win a County Council scholarship to Nottingham High School in nearby Nottingham. There is a house in the junior school named after him. He left in 1901, working for three months as a junior clerk at Haywood's surgical appliances factory before a severe bout of pneumonia ended this career. Whilst convalescing he began a friendship with Jessie Chambers. An important aspect of this relationship with Jessie and other adolescent acquaintances was a shared love of books, an interest that lasted throughout Lawrence's life. In the autumn of 1908 the newly qualified Lawrence left his childhood home for London. While teaching in Davidson Road School, Croydon, he continued writing. Some of the early poetry, submitted by Jessie Chambers, came to the attention of Ford Madox Ford, then known as Ford Hermann Hueffer and editor of the influential The English Review. Hueffer then commissioned the story Odour of Chrysanthemums which, when published in that magazine, encouraged Heinemann, a London publisher, to ask Lawrence for more work. His career as a professional author now began in earnest, although he taught for a further year. Shortly after the final proofs of his first published novel The White Peacock appeared in 1910, Lawrence's mother died. She had been ill with cancer. The young man was devastated and he was to describe the next few months as his "sick year." It is clear that Lawrence had an extremely close relationship with his mother and his grief following her death became a major turning point in his life, just as the death of Mrs. Morel forms a major turning point in his autobiographical novel Sons and Lovers, a work that draws upon much of the writer's provincial upbringing.In 1911 Lawrence was introduced to Edward Garnett, a publisher's reader, who acted as a mentor, provided further encouragement, and became a valued friend, as Garnett's son David was also. Throughout these months the young author revised Paul Morel, the first draft of what became Sons and Lovers.Sons and Lovers is a novel by the English writer D. H. Lawrence.

The novel is dedicated to Garnett. Garnett, as the literary advisor to the publishing firm Duckworth, was an important figure in leading Lawrence further into the London literary world during the years 1911 and 1912.

Lawrence began working on the novel in the period of his mother's illness, and often expresses this sense of his mother's wasted life through his female protagonist Gertrude Morel. Letters written around the time of its development clearly demonstrate the admiration he felt for his mother - viewing her as a 'clever, ironical, delicately moulded woman' - and her apparently unfortunate marriage to his coal mining father, a man of 'sanguine temperament' and instability. He believed that his mother had married below her class status. Rather interestingly, Lydia Lawrence wasn't born into the middle-class. This personal family conflict experienced by Lawrence provided him with the impetus for the first half of his novel - in which both William, the older brother, and Paul Morel become increasingly contemptuous of their father - and the subsequent exploration of Paul Morel's antagonizing relationships with both his lovers, which are both invariably affected by his allegiance to his mother.

The first draft of Lawrence's novel is now lost and was never completed, which seems to be directly due to his mother's illness. He did not return to the novel for three months, at which point it was titled 'Paul Morel'. The penultimate draft of the novel coincided with a remarkable change in Lawrence's life, as his health was thrown into tumult and he resigned his teaching job in order to spend time in Germany. This plan was never followed, however, as he met and married the German minor aristocrat, Frieda Weekley. According to Frieda's account of their first meeting, she and Lawrence talked about Oedipus and the effects of early childhood on later life within twenty minutes of meeting.The third draft of 'Paul Morel' was sent to the publishing house Heinemann, which was repulsively responded to by William Heinemann himself. His reaction captures the shock and newness of Lawrence's novel, 'the degradation of the mother [as explored in this novel], supposed to be of gentler birth, is almost inconceivable', and encouraged Lawrence to redraft the novel one more time. In addition to altering the title to a more thematic 'Sons and Lovers'. In order to justify its form Lawrence explains, in letters to Garnett, that it is a 'great tragedy' and a 'great book', one that mirrors the 'tragedy of thousands of young men in England'.