- •1. Language Material
- •2. Reading Practice
- •3. Oral Practice
- •1. Answer questions.
- •3 Match the following:
- •4. Write the short essay on why you are agree or disagree with the statement that a strong small business community is the best interest of all citizens.
- •4. Grammar Review the indefinite form
- •II. The use of the Present Indefinite.
- •IV. The use of the Past Indefinite.
- •VI. The use of the Future Indefinite.
- •VII. The formation of the Future Indefinite in the Past.
- •VIII. The use of the Future Indefinite in the Past.
- •The formation of the Present Continuous.
- •II. The use of the Present Continuous.
- •Interrogative
- •IV. The use of the Past Continuous.
- •V. The formation of the Future Continuous.
- •5. Grammar Practice
- •Indefinite and Continuous Tenses
- •1. Розкрийте дужки, використовуючи дієслова b Present indefinite або Future Indefinite.
- •2. Розкрийте дужки, використовуючи дієслова b Present indefinite або Future Indefinite.
- •3. Розкрийте дужки, використовуючи дієслова b Present indefinite або Future Indefinite
- •4. Перепишіть текст в минулому часі (що розповідала мама)
- •5. Перепишіть текст в минулому часі
- •6. Розкрийте дужки, використовуючи дієслова в Present Indefinite або Past Indefinite.
- •7. Розкрийте дужки, використовуючи дієслова в Present Indefinite або Past Indefinite.
- •8. Розкрийте дужки, використовуючи дієслова в Present, Past або Future Indefinite.
- •9. Розкрийте дужки, використовуючи дієслова в Present Continuous або Past Continuous
- •10. Розкрийте дужки, використовуючи дієслова в Past Indefinite або Past Continuous.
- •Unit II
- •1. Language Material
- •2. Reading Practice
- •3. Oral Practice
- •3.1. Answer questions.
- •3.2 Match the following:
- •3.3 Combine a noun with a preposition to complete each sentence:
- •3.4 Read the text and choose the best answer
- •4. Grammar Review часи групи perfect
- •I. The present perfect
- •1. The formation of the Present Perfect.
- •2. The use of the Present Perfect.
- •3. The Past Indefinite and the Present Perfect.
- •II. The past perfect
- •1. The formation of the Past Perfect.
- •2. The use of the Past Perfect.
- •3. The Past Indefinite and the Past Perfect.
- •III. The future perfect
- •The formation of the Future Perfect.
- •2. The use of the Future Perfect.
- •IV. The future perfест in the past
- •1. The formation of the Future Perfect in the Past.
- •The use of the Future Perfect in the Past.
- •5. Grammar Practice Perfect Tenses
- •1. Розкрийте дужки, використовуючи дієслова в належній формі, щоб отримати Present Continuous або Present Perfect.
- •2. Розкрийте дужки, використовуючи дієслова в Present Perfect або Past Indefinite.
- •3. Розкрийте дужки, використовуючи дієслова в Present Perfect або Past Indefinite.
- •4. Розкрийте дужки, використовуючи дієслова в Past Indefinite або Past Perfect.
- •5. Розкрийте дужки, використовуючи дієслова в Past Indefinite або Past Perfect.
- •6. Розкрийте дужки, використовуючи дієслова в одному з подальших часів:
- •7. Розкрийте дужки, використовуючи дієслова в одному з подальших часів:
- •8. Розкрийте дужки, використовуючи дієслова в одному з подальших часів:
- •9. Розкрийте дужки, використовуючи дієслова в одному з подальших часів:
- •Unit III
- •1. Language Material
- •2. Reading Practice
- •3. Oral Practice
- •3.1. Answer questions.
- •3.2 Match the words with their definitions
- •A. The expenses incurred in producing goods or services during the period.
- •3.3 Supply the sentences with the missing words. A. He divided his … among his four brothers.
- •3.7 Write English equivalents
- •4. Grammar Review the perfect continious the present perfect continuous
- •1. The formation of the Present Perfect Continuous.
- •2. The use of the Present Perfect Continuous.
- •3. The Present Perfect Continuous Inclusive and the Present Continuous.
- •4. The Present Perfect and the Present Perfect Continuous Exclusive.
- •The past perfect continuous
- •1. The formation of the Past Perfect Continuous.
- •2. The use of the Past Perfect Continuous.
- •3. The Past Perfect Continuous Inclusive and the Past Continuous.
- •The future perfect continuous
- •1. The formation of the Future Perfect Continuous.
- •2. The use of the Future Perfect Continuous.
- •The future perfect continuous in the past
- •1. The formation of the Future Perfect Continuous in the Past.
- •2. The use of the Future Perfect Continuous in the Past.
- •5. Grammar Practice
- •1. В поданих реченнях змініть час дієслів на Present Perfect. Перекладіть речення українською мовою.
- •2. Розкрийте дужки, використовуючи дієслова в належній формі, так щоб отримати Present Continuous или Present Perfect.
- •3. Розкрийте дужки, використовуючи дієслова в Present Perfect, Present Continuous, Present Indefinite або Past Indefinite.
- •4. Розкрийте дужки, використовуючи дієслова в Present Perfect, Past Indefinite, Past Continuous або Past Perfect.
- •5. Розкрийте дужки, використовуючи дієслова в належному часі.
- •Unit IV
- •1. Language Material
- •2. Reading Practice The income statement
- •3. Oral Practice
- •I. Which of the listed above statements are true (t); false (f)
- •Match the words with their definitions
- •Match the following
- •Complete the sentences with the correct comparative or superlative form of the adjectives
- •4. Grammar Review the passive voice
- •1. The formation of the Passive Voice.
- •2. The use of the Passive Voice.
- •3. The use of tenses in the Passive Voice.
- •5. Grammar Practice Passive Voice
- •1. Передайте наступні речення в Passive Voice.
- •2. Перекладіть английською, використовуючи дієслова в Passive Voice.
- •3. Передайте наступні речення в Passive Voice.
- •4. Передайте наступні речення в Passive Voice.
- •5. Передайте наступні речення в Passive Voice.
- •6. Розкрийте дужки, використовуючи дієслова в Passive Voice.
- •7. Перекладіть англійською, використовуючи дієслова в Passive Voice.
- •1. Language Material
- •2. Reading Practice The balance sheet
- •3. Oral Practice
- •Choose the correct answer
- •Supply the sentences with the missing words
- •Choose the best alternative to complete the sentence
- •Complete the following sentences by putting the correct form of the verb
- •4. Grammar Review modal verbs
- •1. Modal verbs
- •4. Must
- •5. Should and ought
- •8. Shall
- •9. Will
- •10. Would
- •11. Dare
- •12. Need
- •Unit VI
- •1. Language Material
- •2. Reading Practice a comprehensive plan
- •3. Oral Practice
- •I. Answer the questions:
- •Find antonyms to these words
- •Match the words with their definitions
- •Choose the best alternative to complete the sentence
- •4. Grammar Review sequence of tenses
- •Unit VII
- •1. Language Material
- •2. Reading Practice Choosing a legal form of organization
- •3. Oral Practice
- •Answer these questions. In each of the following select the word or phrase that best completes the statement
- •Translate the following word-combinations:
- •Find English equivalents in the text:
- •Complete these sentences
- •Put necessary words and propositions
- •4. Grammar Review the gerund
- •1. The tense distinctions of the gerund
- •2. The voice distinctions of the gerund
- •3. Predicative constructions with the gerund
- •4. The use of the gerund
- •5. The gerund and the infinitive
- •6. The functions of the gerund in the sentence
- •7. The gerund and the participle
- •8. The gerund and verbal noun
- •5. Grammar Practice
- •Unit VIII
- •1. Reading Practice Small business and the law
- •2. Oral Practice малий бізнес в луганську
8. Shall
Shall is never a purely modal verb. It always combines its modal meaning with the function of an auxiliary expressing futurity.
It expresses determination on the part of the speaker, i. e. compulsion or order, threat or warning, promise.
As a rule shall as a modal verb is not translated into Russian, its meaning is rendered by emphatic intonation.
1. Compulsion or strict order.
In this meaning it is always used with the second and third persons and has a strong stress.
Paula. I've got to tell Mr. Tanqueray.
Hugh. By God, you shall do nothing of the sort. (Plnero)
Паула. Я должна сказать мистеру Тэнкери.
Хью. Клянусь богом, вы этого не сделаете.
"She shall go off to-morrow, the little artful creature," said Mrs. Sedley, with great energy. (Thackeray)
«Она уедет завтра же, эта маленькая интриганка»,—энергично заявила миссис Седли.
In interrogative sentences shall is used in the first and third persons to inquire after the wish of the person addressed.
Shall I shut the door, ma'am? (Dickens) (Do you want me to shut the door?) Закрыть дверь, сударыня?
Shall he go there? (Do you want him to go there?) Идти ему туда?
2. Threat or warning.
In this meaning it is also used in the second and third persons and with a weak stress.
"That's the last time!" she cried. "You shall never see me again!" (Maugham) «Это конец! — закричала она.— Вы никогда меня больше не увидите!»
You shall repent of this neglect of duty, Mr. Gummer. (Dickens) Вы еще раскаетесь в том, что пренебрегаете долгом, мистер Гаммер.
3. Promise.
It is also used with the second and third persons and with a weak stress.
Don't be afraid, Jane, I saw it was an accident. You shall not be punished. (Ch. Bronte) He бойся, Джейн, я видела, что это произошло случайно. Тебя не накажут.
I shall make you happy, see if I don't. You shall do what you like, spend what you like. (Thackeray) Я сделаю вас счастливой, вот увидите. Вы будете делать, что хотите и тратить, сколько хотите.
9. Will
Will is hardly ever a purely modal verb. It generally combines its modal meaning with the function of an auxiliary expressing futurity.
The modal verb will expresses volition, intention on the part of the speaker, or insistence.
1. Volition, intention.
In most cases this meaning is rendered in Russian by emphatic intonation, but sometimes the verb хотеть is used. It is used with all persons but mostly with the first person.
"What is this? Who is this? Turn this man out. Clear the office!" cried Mr. Fang. "I will speak," cried the man; "I will not be turned out..." (Dickens) «Что это? Кто это? Выставьте этого человека за дверь. Очистите помещение!» — закричал мистер Фанг. «Нет, я буду говорить! — крикнул человек. — Меня не выставят!»
Besides, since happiness is irrevocably denied me, I have a right to get pleasure out of life: and I will get it, cost what it may. (E. Bronte) Кроме того, раз счастье для меня невозможно, я вправе получать от жизни удовольствия; и я буду получать их, чего бы это ни стоило.
Tell Mr, Osborne it is a cowardly letter, sir, a cowardly letter — I will not answer it. (Thackeray) Скажите мистеру Осборну, что это трусливое письмо, сэр, трусливое; я на него не отвечу.
Very often will is used after the conjunction if in conditional clauses where it retains its modal meaning, that of volition.
You may laugh if you will but I was sure I should see her there. (E. Bronte) Можете смеяться, если хотите, но я был уверен, что встречу ее там.
The modal verb will is used in polite requests.
Will you have a cup of tea? Will you give me a piece of bread, for I am very hungry? (Ch. Bronte)
Note — The modal verb will should not be confused with the auxiliary will in American English where there is a marked tendency to use it with all the persons.
2. Persistence referring to the present or to the future.
"Don't tell me." "But I will tell you," repeated Sikes. (Dickens) «He говорите мне про это». «А я все рапно скажу», — повторил Сайке.
She begins to act very strangely. She will not speak, she will not eat; finally she dies. (Maugham) Она начинает вести себя очень странно. Она не желает говорить, она не желает есть, наконец, она умирает.
It is also used in speaking about lifeless things when the speaker is annoyed at something and speaks about a thing or a phenomenon of nature as if it possessed a will of its own (there is an element of personification here).
It's no use trying to open the door, it will not open. Нечего стараться открыть эту дверь — она все равно не откроется.