consumer society общество потребления а) (концепция У. Ростоу, А. Тоффлера и др., возникшая в американской социологии в середине 20 в. в связи с популярными в то время представлениями о возможности за счет экономического роста и технических нововведений обеспечить каждому члену общества высокий уровень потребления) б) (негативное обозначение общества, в котором деятельность людей направлена на неумеренное расширение накопления и потребления материальных благ и в котором способность потреблять рассматривается как признак социального успеха и единственный мотив трудовой деятельности; термин используется критиками социального идеала рыночной экономики) See: consumer culture , consumerism , Baudrillard, Jean
packaging [] 1) a) the box or wrapping in which a product is offered for sale b) the design of such a box or wrapping, esp with reference to its ability to attract customers 2) the presentation of a person, product, television programme, etc., to the public in a way designed to build up a favourable image 3) the work of a packager – упакування, пакунок
recycle [] () 1) to pass (a substance) through a system again for further treatment or use 2) to reclaim (packaging or products with a limited useful life) for further use 3) to institute a different cycle of processes or events in (a machine, system, etc.) 4) to repeat (a series of operations) 5) the repetition of a fixed sequence of events • Derived words: recyclable or recycleable - переробляти
ozone layer the region of the stratosphere with the highest concentration of ozone molecules, which by absorbing high-energy solar ultraviolet radiation protects organisms on earth Also called: ozonosphere – озоновий шар
rubbish bin a container for rubbish equivalent: rubbish tin – контейнер для сміття
spill I [] spills, spilling, spilt or spilled (mainly ) 1) (when , usually foll by from, out of, etc.) to fall or cause to fall from or as from a container, esp unintentionally 2) to disgorge (contents, occupants, etc.) or (of contents, occupants, etc.) to be disgorged the car spilt its passengers onto the road the crowd spilt out of the theatre 3) to shed (blood) 4) Also: spill the beans informal to disclose something confidential 5) nautical to let (wind) escape from a sail or (of the wind) to escape from a sail 6) informal a fall or tumble 7) short for spillway 8) a spilling of liquid, etc., or the amount spilt 9) the declaring of several political jobs vacant when one higher up becomes so the Prime Minister's resignation could mean a Cabinet spill • Etymology: Old English spillan to destroy ; related to spildan , Old High German spaltan to split ; see SPOIL - розлити
trash can a US name for dustbin Also called: ash can, garbage can = №5
frontier [] 1) a) the region of a country bordering on another or a line, barrier, etc., marking such a boundary b) (as modifier) a frontier post 2) and Canadian a) the edge of the settled area of a country b) (as modifier) the frontier spirit 3) (often plural) the limit of knowledge in a particular field the frontiers of physics have been pushed back • Etymology: from Old French frontiere, from front (in the sense: part which is opposite) ; see FRONT - кордон
refill 2) a replacement for a consumable substance in a permanent container 3) a second or subsequent filling a refill at the petrol station 4) informal another drink to replace one already drunk • Derived words: refillable – наповнювати щось знову
biodegradable [] (of sewage constituents, packaging material, etc.) capable of being decomposed by bacteria or other biological means Derived words: biodegradation [] ; biodegradability [] – субстанція, яка розкладеться природнім шляхом за допомогою бактерій, тощо.
counterculture [] an alternative culture, deliberately at variance with the social norm - субкультура
radical [] 1) of, relating to, or characteristic of the basic or inherent constitution of a person or thing; fundamental a radical fault 2) concerned with or tending to concentrate on fundamental aspects of a matter; searching or thoroughgoing radical thought a radical re-examination 3) favouring or tending to produce extreme or fundamental changes in political, economic, or social conditions, institutions, habits of mind, etc a radical party 4) medicine (of treatment) aimed at removing the source of a disease radical surgery 5) slang chiefly very good; excellent 6) of, relating to, or arising from the root or the base of the stem of a plant radical leaves 7) mathematics of, relating to, or containing roots of numbers or quantities 8) linguistics of or relating to the root of a word 9) a person who favours extreme or fundamental change in existing institutions or in political, social, or economic conditions 10) mathematics a root of a number or quantity, such as 3√5, √x 11) Also: radicle chemistry a) short for free radical b) another name for group 10) 12) linguistics another word for root I 9) 13) (in logographic writing systems such as that used for Chinese) a part of a character conveying lexical meaning - радикальний
buy into 1) to agree with or accept as valid (an argument, theory, etc.) 2) and informal to get involved in (an argument, fight, etc.) – прийняти, погодитись з чимось
take pains (take (great) pains) (всячески) стараться, не жалеть сил, прилагать все усилия
rationale [] a reasoned exposition, esp one defining the fundamental reasons for a course of action, belief, etc Etymology: from New Latin, from Latin ratiōnālis – логічне пояснення, сенс
sustainability [] устойчивость; устойчивое развитие ecological / environmental sustainability — экологическая устойчивость, устойчивость окружающей среды (предполагает поддержание экологической целостности и запасов природных ресурсов) economic sustainability — экономическая устойчивость financial sustainability — финансовая устойчивость the Royal Award for Sustainability — Королевская премия за устойчивое развитие (государственная награда в Великобритании; вручается предпринимателям)
backlash [] 1) a reaction or recoil between interacting worn or badly fitting parts in a mechanism 2) the play between parts 3) a sudden and adverse reaction, esp to a political or social development a public backlash against the government is inevitable – люфт у механізмі, громадська незгода
on-site I на месте эксплуатации; в пункте использования II местный, собственный
edible [] fit to be eaten; eatable Etymology: from Late Latin edibilis, from Latin edere to eat Derived words: edibility or edibleness - їстівний
pledge v 7) to promise formally or solemnly he pledged allegiance 8) () to bind or secure by or as if by a pledge they were pledged to secrecy 9) to give, deposit, or offer (one's word, freedom, property, etc.) as a guarantee, as for the repayment of a loan 10) to drink a toast to (a person, cause, etc.) • Etymology: from Old French plege, from Late Latin plebium gage , security , from plebīre to pledge , of Germanic origin ; compare Old High German pflegan to look after , care for Derived words: pledgable - обітниця, обіцянка
grass roots 1) a) the ordinary people as distinct from the active leadership of a party or organization: used esp of the rank-and-file members of a political party, or of the voters themselves b) (as modifier) the newly elected MP expressed a wish for greater contact with people at grass-roots level 2) the origin or essentials • Etymology: sense 1 originally US, with reference to rural areas in contrast to the towns – основа, або базис чогось, люди, що протиставляються еліті, тобто «прості смертні»
biodiversity [] the existence of a wide variety of plant and animal species in their natural environments, which is the aim of conservationists concerned about the indiscriminate destruction of rainforests and other habitats – біологічне розмаїття
renowned [] having a widespread, esp good, reputation; famous – відомий, шанований
pioneer v - 5) to be a pioneer (in or of) 6) () to initiate, prepare, or open up, to pioneer a medical programme – починати щось нове
viability [] жизнеспособность; жизненность, жизнестойкость Syn: vitality , vital capacity
address the issues – talk about difficulties
conduct business – заниматься бизнесом, run affairs
Publish results – make public the conclusions
Raise awareness – increase public knowledge
Doubt claims – don’t believe statements
recession I [] 1) a temporary depression in economic activity or prosperity 2) the withdrawal of the clergy and choir in procession from the chancel at the conclusion of a church service 3) the act of receding 4) a part of a building, wall, etc., that recedes - спад
outlook [] 1) a mental attitude or point of view 2) the probable or expected condition or outcome of something the weather outlook 3) the view from a place 4) view or prospect 5) the act or state of looking out – точка зору
fund raising мобилизация капитала
contribution [] 1) пожертвование, взнос The smallest contribution will be thankfully received. — Даже самые маленькие взносы будут приняты с благодарностью. - make a contribution - send in a contribution - charitable contribution - generous contribution - monetary contribution - token contribution - voluntary contribution 2) налог; контрибуция to lay under contribution — облагать налогом Syn: impost I
upkeep [] 1) the act or process of keeping something in good repair, esp over a long period; maintenance 2) the cost of maintenance – содержание, ремонт, обслуживание
appeal to ссылаться, ИНТЕРЕСНО: appeal to Caesar 1) обратиться к высшей власти, к высшему авторитету [Acts XXV, 11] The mine exploded... and in a formal reference to the Prince Regent the indignant soldier appealed to Caesar. (P. Guedalla, ‘Palmerston’, ‘War Office’) — Переполох был огромный... Возмущенный главнокомандующий обратился к принцу-регенту, потребовав суда кесарева. 2) обратиться с призывом к избирателям на всеобщих выборах If this policy... were not accepted as the policy of the Government... I should feel it my duty to appeal to Caesar. (Suppl) — Если эта политика... правительства не встретит одобрения парламента... я буду вынужден назначить всеобщие выборы и положиться на мнение избирателей.
37. ecosystem: a community of organisms that are linked by
energy and nutrient flows and that interact with each
other and with the physical environment – екосистема
endangered species: a species threatened with extinction – тварини Червоної книги, тобто такі, які знаходяться на межі зникнення
evaporation: changing from a liquid state to a gaseous
state - випарювання
extinct: a species that no longer exists – зниклий вид тварин
global warming: the hypothesis that the earth’s atmosphere is warming because of the release of “green-house gases” such as carbon dioxide – глобальне потепління
impurity: a contaminant or pollutant – забруднювач, домішка
noxious: harmful to health – шкідливий для здоров'я
pesticide: chemical that inhibits or kills the growth of organisms that people consider undesirable – пестицид
acid rain rain that contains a high concentration of pollutants, chiefly sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxide, released into the atmosphere by the burning of fossil fuels such as coal or oil – кислотні дощі
ail [] 1) () to trouble; afflict 2) () to feel unwell –нездужати, непокоїти, турбувати
to combat [] -bats, -bating, -bated 5) () to fight or defy 6) (; often foll by with or against) to struggle or strive (against); be in conflict (with) to combat against disease – боротися проти чогось
detergent [] 1) a cleansing agent, esp a surface-active chemical such as an alkyl sulphonate, widely used in industry, laundering, shampoos, etc also detersive [] 2) having cleansing power – пральний порошок, дезінфікуючий засіб
drought [] 1) a prolonged period of scanty rainfall 2) a prolonged shortage 3) an archaic or dialect word for thirst Archaic and Scot form: drouth [] • Etymology: Old English drūgoth ; related to Dutch droogte ; see DRY Derived words: droughty - посуха
dumping ground место сброса отходов, свалка
emit [] emits, emitting, emitted () 1) to give or send forth; discharge the pipe emitted a stream of water 2) to give voice to; utter she emitted a shrill scream 3) physics to give off (radiation or particles) 4) to put (currency) into circulation • Etymology: from Latin ēmittere to send out, from mittere to send – випускати (наприклад гроші, цінні папери), поширювати, випромінювати (наприклад світло, отруйні гази, тощо).
erosion [] 1) the wearing away of rocks and other deposits on the earth's surface by the action of water, ice, wind, etc 2) the act or process of eroding or the state of being eroded • Derived words: erosive or erosional – ерозія, поступове руйнування
exhaust fumes выхлопные газы
famine [] 1) a severe shortage of food, as through crop failure or overpopulation 2) acute shortage of anything 3) violent hunger • Etymology: from Old French, via Vulgar Latin , from Latin famēs hunger - голод
greenhouse effect 1) an effect occurring in greenhouses, etc., in which radiant heat from the sun passes through the glass warming the contents, the radiant heat from inside being trapped by the glass 2) the application of this effect to a planet's atmosphere; carbon dioxide and some other gases in the planet's atmosphere can absorb the infrared radiation emitted by the planet's surface as a result of exposure to solar radiation, thus increasing the mean temperature of the planet
industrial waste промышленные отходы, производственные отходы
menace [] 1) to threaten with violence, danger, etc 2) literary a threat or the act of threatening 3) something menacing; a source of danger 4) informal a nuisance – загроза
oil slick a mass of floating oil covering an area of water, esp oil that has leaked or been discharged from a ship – нафтова пляма (на поверхні водойми)
precipitation [] 1) meteorology a) rain, snow, sleet, dew, etc., formed by condensation of water vapour in the atmosphere b) the deposition of these on the earth's surface c) the amount precipitated 2) the production or formation of a chemical precipitate 3) the act of precipitating or the state of being precipitated 4) rash or undue haste 5) spiritualism the appearance of a spirit in bodily form; materialization - опади
renewable = reusable
sewage [] waste matter from domestic or industrial establishments that is carried away in sewers or drains for dumping or conversion into a form that is not toxic Etymology: back formation from SEWER – стічні води
starvation [] a) the act or an instance of starving or state of being starved b) (as modifier) a starvation diet starvation wages - голод
toxic waste dump — свалка токсичных отходов
trawler [] 1) a vessel used for trawling 2) a person who trawls – особа, яка ловить рибу, застосовуючи тральні тенета, або траулер (корабель із такими тенетами)
unleaded [] 1) (of petrol) containing a reduced amount of tetraethyl lead, in order to reduce environmental pollution 2) not covered or weighted with lead 3) printing (of lines of type, etc.) not spaced or separated with leads; solid 4) petrol containing a reduced amount of tetraethyl lead – пальне буз свинцю
untreated [] 1) (of an illness, etc.) not having been dealt with 2) not having been processed in any way: untreated sewage – проблема, якою ніхто не займається, називається untreated
windpark = windfarm = ветровая электростанция
poacher - one who illegally hunts on another's property - браконьєр
insecticide - a substance used to kill insects – інсектицид, тобто рідина або спрей для знищення комах
dispose [] 1) (; foll by of) a) to deal with or settle b) to give, sell, or transfer to another c) to throw out or away d) to consume, esp hurriedly e) to kill 2) to arrange or settle (matters) by placing into correct or final condition: man proposes, God disposes 3) () to make willing or receptive 4) () to adjust or place in a certain order or position 5) (; often foll by to) to accustom or condition - розташовувати, розміщувати, розставляти 2) схиляти (когось)
tidal wave 1) a name (not accepted in technical usage) for tsunami 2) an unusually large incoming wave, often caused by high winds and spring tides 3) a forceful and widespread movement in public opinion, action, etc
fertilizer [] or fertiliser 1) any substance, such as manure or a mixture of nitrates, added to soil or water to increase its productivity 2) an object or organism such as an insect that fertilizes an animal or plant - добриво