Explain in English:
Presenting arguments In academic writing it is important to present arguments in a consistent way. You can do this: *by topic *by viewpoint. Some paragraph on the positive points, some on the negative points It is important to stage your arguments clearly. Use words and phrases such as: the main argument(for/against) is, in the first place, firstly, another strong argument is, lastly, finally, another point is Compound nouns and adjectives Compound nouns are two or more nouns used together to refer to one thing or person. Then can be formed: *as one word, e.g. suitcase *as two words, e.g. seat belt *with a hyphen, e.g. night-time Compound adjectives often consist of: *an adjective + present/past participle, e.g. slow-growing *an adverb + present/past participle, e.g. slowly-moving *a noun + present/past participle, e.g. energy-wasting Text cohesion In well-written academic texts, ideas and arguments have continuity from one paragraph to another. This is done by: *rephrasing key words or expressions *repeating key words or expressions *ending a paragraph with a question which is answered in the next *maintaining the grammatical subject of the last sentence of the paragraph in the first sentence of the next *using phrases which refer back to a previous paragraph or forward to the next
Desalination is the process by which salt water is converted into drinkable fresh water. Food chain shows the relationship between organisms which feed on each other. Vaccination is the process when doctors use some vaccines with a view to produce an immunity to the disease that would prevent infection. The vaccine activates the immune system
Evidence – proof - доказательство
to heal – a cure – (вы)лечить
encouraging findings - promising results – обнадёживающие результаты
to carry out research - to conduct a study - для проведения исследования
a trial – судебный процесс
a condition - состояние
scientists – researchers - учёные
an issue - a concern – вопрос, проблема
a shortage of – a lack of - дефицит
to speed up – для ускорения
crucial - essential - существенный
high intake - increased consumption – увеличенное потребление
participate – to take a part – принимать участие
appropriate – соответствующий
population – inhabitants - жители
site – location - местонахождение
to design a project - to draw up a plan – разработать план
construction - re-development - постройка
city design - urban planning – городское планирование
housing – accommodation - жильё
commerce – trade business - коммерция
advantages – benefits - преимущества
overcrowding - overpopulation - перенаселение
traffic jams – traffic congestions - пробки
prosperous – thriving - процветающий
to address a problem – to solve(overcome, tackle) drawbacks – решать проблему
a variant - an option – опция, вариант
drawbacks – disadvantages - недостатки
water shortage - lack of water – дефицит воды
an increase - a rise - рост
to turn into - to convert into – превратиться в
pollution - to contaminate – загрязнение, загрязнять
to require - to demand - спрос
to happen - to occur – случаться, происходить
to be forced (to do sth) - to be obliged (to do sth) – быть вынужденным
to break down - to decompose - разрушаться
to be for sth - to be in favour of sth – придерживаться чего-то, быть за
to tend to - to have a tendency to – стремиться к
an impact - an influence – вклад, влияние
to get rid of sth - to dispose of sth – избавляться от чего-либо
labour force – workforce – трудовые ресурсы
an adverse effect - a negative impact – неблагоприятный эффект
a fall - a decrease - падение