In August, 1954 13.4 mln. Hectares were sowed in the ussr and 6.5 in Kazakhstan. In 1956, 28-30 mln hectares of land planned for cultivation.

During the first year of the drive, 300 new state farms were organized in Kazakhstan to plant cereal crops on 3.5 million hectares of former grazing land.

Thousands specialists were sent to Kazakhstan. In 1954 more than 20 th. people came to Akmolinsk oblast. Industrial enterprises sent 1386 specialists for development of virgin lands. During 1953-1958 266.6 th.specialists were sent to agriculture. They had the great privileges. The head of family received the benefit 500-1000 rubles and 150-200 rubles each member of family. 10 th. rubles credit was given for building the house for 10 years. 1500-2000 rubles for buying cattle, food loan, which consist of 150 kg of grain or meal and were released from taxes for 2-5 years. 20 billion rubles were invested for development of virgin lands.

The negative consequences of the development of virgin lands:

1. During two years 1954-1956 650 th. people came to Northern Kazakhstan, while needed 130 th.

2. Ecological balance was violated.

3. Soil subjected to destruction.

4. Pastures were reduced.

5. Thousand hectares were used for building settlements, ways and so on as a result stock-breeding was destroyed and shortage of meat and milk took place.

6. The migration of people from other republics promoted to lowering of the role of national customs and traditions, reducing of national schools, publishing of national literature and press. Language and demographic problems sharpened in Northern Kazakhstan.

Problems of economic development in the 60-s. Economic reforms of 1965. In the 60-s the central government realized that economy needed renewal and in 1965 reform was in all branches of economy and in management.

Management. Before 1965 a territorial principle of ruling over economy was used through special bodies sovnarkhozes. In 1965 ministries were formed to manage metallurgy, non-ferrous metals, transport, etc. New methods of planning. Plans were given by the central ministries, but the enterprises

worked on self-support basic and material stimulus for high productivity.

Science-technical revolution. Special plans for new technology stimulated the using of new invention. Production of titanium, magnesium, electromechanical, mechanical engineering was based on the achievement of scientific-technical revolution. Oil and chemical industry had allunion significance. In 1965 the first oil was produced in Uzen.

Results of the reforms. By 1970 Kazakhstan took the leading position in the USSR for production of lead, copper, titanium intensified economy ties with the other republics such levers as income, price, bonus and credit began to work. New light and food industries were built: Almaty and Shymkent cotton factories. Semipalatinsk, Zhezkazgan, Aktjubinsk stockinet factories. During 5-years 14 fabrics were built.

In 60-s new towns appeared in Kazakhstan: Rudnyi in Kustanai region, Shevchenko in Mangistau and others. There were similar and didn’t reflect geographical and historical features of region. Ecological cleanness, remake and liquidation of wastes, social problems didn’t solve.

Agricultural was also reformed: purchasing prices for agrarian were increase 2 times, 18 sovkhozes worked on self-supporting basic.

In the 60-s the struggle in the Soviet society was between two political trends: the reformers demanded democratic changes, the conservative wanted to preserve the old system. The population to improve their life, but the government ignored the social needs – it led to some social conflicts (Temirtau, 1959) which were suppressed.

Lecture 25: December events (1986)

The objective of the lecture: To show reasons, character and consequences of December events.

Outline of the lecture:

1. Reasons of December events.

2. Stages of December events.

3. Consequences of December events.

1. Reasons of December events.

1. Contradictions in planning and placing of productive forces.

2. Interests of Republic didn’t take into consideration in forming plans, exploitation of deposits.

3. Republic gained minimum from billion incomes.

4. Appropriations were sent to extraction industry.

5. 60% of goods imported from other republics and states.

6. Sciences served to official policy, culture lost connections with national roots. In 1954-1986 more than 600 national schools were closed. Kazakh language didn’t function and turned into life language. The group of mangurts appeared.

D.A.Kunayev was a chief of Republic a long time. Administrative system formed cult of chief, not only in Moscow, but in Republics and oblasts. Cult of Kunayev as a member of Politburo and hero of socialist labor three times was formed. Aral perished, sphere of Kazakh language was limited, and explosions in Semipalatinsk increased. Corruption, patronage, alcoholism and social apathy prospered.

But fate of Kunayev was solved in Kremlin. On December 16, 1986 V Plenum of CC CPK was held. The agenda had only one point – organizational. Dismissal of Kunayev was solved during 18 minutes. G.V.Kolbin (first Secretary of Ulyanovsk obkom) was elected instead Kunayev.

In the morning on December mass uprising began in Almaty, which spread in other towns of Republic. Kazakh young people openly launched a courageous challenge against totalitarian regime.

2. I – stage – was preparatory. The night 16-17 December could be characterized as a night of expectation, hope, anxious emotions, in the night they were prepared for meeting face to face with ruling system.

II – stage – from 7 to 18 o’clock 17 December – a stage of going out in the street, a stage of micro, macromeeting, protest demonstrations, manifestations along the town’s streets. The dialogues of demonstrators with Party and Komsomol workers, rectors and deans of institutes of higher education, workers of power structures, a stage of gathering forces of oppositional sides.

III – stage – a stage of sides opposition, a stage of defense, protection of demonstrators from storm of chastisers, a stage of development into armed revolt. There were service-men, militiamen, druzhinniks.

3. On December 1986 Politburo of CC CPSU took a document, which called “Measures in connection with events in Alma-Ata”. Thus the CC CPSU turned the December phenomenon “into events of the nationalistic sense”. According the estimate of the Commission of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet general number of the arrested made up about 8500 men.

55324 were undergone to interrogations in the Office of Republic Prosecutor, 850 – KGB. About 900 men were punished in administrative order in accordance with court’s decisions, by militia and administrations of enterprises, organizations, educational institutes. On the LYCLSU (the All-Union Leninist Young Communist League of the Soviet Union) line were punished 1922 men (758 of them were excluded, 1164 received penalties). 53 were excluded from raw of the CPSU, 210 – punished in party order. 319 participants of the events were discharged from work. 99 men were condemned in accordance with sentence, two of them – to capital punishment.

The December movement on its character was national-democratic action of the young generation of the nation. It was a beginning of the while historical stripe, which ended by crush of the Union, and proclaiming of Republic’s sovereignty.

Lecture 26: Social-economic life in Kazakhstan in the end of 80-s beg. of 90-s.

The objective of the lecture: To show the tendencies of the economic development in 80-90-s. The main reasons and character of the uprisings in Kazakhstan in 80-s. Introduction of the national currency. Establishment of the connections with the foreign states. Foundation of the joint-stocks and international companies in Kazakhstan.

Outline of the lecture:

1. Economic life of Kazakhstan in 80-90-s

2. Strike of miners in Karaganda.

3. Strike Kazakhs in New Uzen.

4. Introduction of national currency.

5. Foreign economic connections.

Crisis in economics, which began in 1987, didn’t get over in next years. In 1988 Kazakhstan exported goods on sum 6,7 billion rubles. Raw materials exported, and last, very expensive goods were imported. Extensive methods in economics developed. The great means, which were invested for development of agriculture didn’t give results.

With official economics “shadow economics” developed. These problems promoted conflicts in society. One of them, events in New Uzen of Mangystau region. The main reasons of uprising were social problems: accommodation, education, unemployment among the young people.

Center extracted oil and gas, but didn’t prepare local specialists, and workers were sent from other republics. Many defects were in trade, in provision of living facilities.

The principles of social justice in distribution of accommodation, food and industrial goods were broken. Workers, which came to New Uzen, didn’t respect traditions of Kazakh people.

Social problems overgrew to national uprising between representatives of local population and Caucasians. In June 1989 bloody uprising took place. This conflict was suppressed by the military troops. Caucasians were evacuated from New Uzen.

In July, 1989 Karaganda miners were on strike after miners of Donbass and Kuzbass. 10-15 thousand miners took part in strike every day.

Firstly, miners demanded increasing of wages, improving working conditions. Then, political requirements added to economic: closing of Semipalatinsk nuclear polygon, ceasing of the monopolies of Union ministries.

D.Tegisov, P.Shlegel, M.Ramaznov, V.Perebeinos and others were leaders of strike. Shchadov I. - minister of Mining industry and N.Nazarbayev - I Secretary of CC CPK came to Karaganda. They promised to satisfy the requirements of miners, that’s why the strike stopped.

Introduction of national currency. Kazakhstan was an initiator of the forming of ruble zone of new type. In the beginning November Kazakh delegation headed by Prime-minister S.Tereshchenko arrived to Moscow for sign agreement about coming Kazakhstan to ruble zone. But during the negotiation Russia put forward new conditions, which threatened loss of economic sovereignty. The mass of rubles of old model from neighbor states in November 1993 led to disorganization of money system and inflation in Kazakhstan. After discussion government adopted decision about introduction of national currency. On November 15, 1993 National currency was introduced.

In the middle of January, 1992 Kazakhstan was recognized by 30 states: USA, China, Turkey, Iran, Pakistan, Canada, and Switzerland. Tengiz oil was extracted jointly foreign firms “British petroleum”, “British gas” and others.

In January 1992 Kazakhstan extracted the first ingot of gold.

In January 1992, state army was formed. Young people served within Kazakhstan. In August 1992, President confirmed text of new oath.

In June, 1992, after people discussion Supreme Soviet confirmed State flag, state insignia.

In December, 1992 new text of national anthem was adopted.

In 1992 World Kurultay of Kazakhs was held, where Kazakhs of 13 states took part: scientists, businessmen, students.

In the middle December, 1992 Forum of the people of Kazakhstan was held.

In September, 1995, according Decree of President the capital of Republic was transferred to Akmola.

Foreign economic connections of Kazakhstan. In the end of 80-s Kazakhstan took fifth place in the USSR for export. 97% of exports were raw materials: 90% of yellow phosphorus, 72% of copper, chromium, lead,, zinc, oil, uranium and others.

The government of Kazakhstan adopted important economic laws: “About property in Kaz.SSR”, "About principles of foreign economic activity of Kaz.SSR", “About foreign investments in Kaz.SSR” etc.

Ministry of foreign economic connections, foreign economic bank were formed. In 1990 the first join Bank “Al-Baraka Bank Kazakhstan” with Saudi Arabia was founded.

Connections with Korea were developed, especially with corporations "Samsung", "Gold Star" etc. In 1991, 35 joint companies with 24 states were formed.

In order to attract large-scale investments into the economy on the part of industrially developed countries and also on the financial and institutes it was necessary to create the principally new legislative basis for providing the most favored regime of foreign investors. The Law “On State support of direct investments” was adopted. The State Committee of the Republic of Kazakhstan on Investments was formed. According new Laws foreign investors were released from taxes for 5 years. Join enterprises were oriented on output of goods of people consumption. According to estimations of foreign experts, the investment climate in Kazakhstan was one of the most attractive among the CIS countries.

Free economic zones were formed: Zhirem-Atasu, Karaganda, Mangistau, Alakul, Zharkent.

Relationships between Kazakhstan and China developed. Commodity circulation increased from 4 mln. rubles in 1986 till 21,7 mln. in 1990 in 5 times. In 1990 first student group from Kazakhstan was sent to China. Airline Almaty-Urumchi-Almaty was opened.

In the beginning of 1991, 42,4% of population lived in rural place. Level of rural life was lower than town.

Lecture 27: Social-political movements in Kazakhstan (80-90’s)

The objective of the lecture: To show the collapse of one-party system and foundation of multiparty system. The consequences of the August events. Foundation of the CIS.

Outline of the lecture:

4. Foundation of political parties and societies.

5. August events and foundation of CIS.

6. Dissolution of CPK.

7. Disintegration of the USSR and foundation of CIS

The I Congress of people deputies was held in May-June 1989. Reasons of crisis were analyzed on Congress. Congress attempted to divide functions of party and state organs.

Parliaments of Baltic Republics, and then Ukraine, Kyrgyzstan and Russia took Declarations about state sovereignty. In October 1990 Kazakhstan declared own Declaration about sovereignty.

Democratic processes led to creation of mass unions in Republics. Ecological movement “Nevada-Semipalatinsk” was the mass in Kazakhstan and was founded by O.Suleymenov in 1989. Closing of Semipalatinsk polygon was the aim of movement.

Committee for helping inhabitants of Aral and Balkhash was founded by M.Shakhanov. Ecological committees were founded in Ust-Kamenogorsk, Almaty and other towns.

In July 1990 civil movement “Azat” was formed. Declaration of state sovereignty was the main aim of movement. In autumn of 1991 this movement transformed to political party.

In 1991 Social-Democratic Party of Kazakhstan was formed.

In 1991 young people formed “Alash” party.

In 1990 multinational movement “Unity” was formed. People, who were convicted in December 1986, formed “Zheltoksan” party.

In November 1990 more 100 political organizations existed in Kazakhstan. In April 1989 historical-enlightenment society “Adilet” (“Justice”) was founded. The main purpose: struggle against discrimination, violation of human rights and others.

Communist party of Kazakhstan stayed the numerous political organizations in Kazakhstan and 800 th. Communists united in 1990. But authority of CPK decreased. In 1990 49 th. Communists left the CPK.

The meetings of Cossacks took place in Kazakhstan in 1991. Cossacks was the military-political estate, which was formed in the time of disintegration of Golden Horde, and served to tsar as political force. On September 15, 1991 leaders of Uralsk Cossacks decided to celebrate 400 anniversaries in Uralsk. Leaders of “Azat”, “Zheltoksan”, and “Parasat” appreciated this act as an infringement of dignity of Kazakh people. Cossacks from Krasnodar, Don, Cheljabinsk, and Samara arrived in Uralsk. Thanks to the leaders of “Azat” and militia the mass clash was avoided.