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Файл:CLOUD COMPUTING / Cloud.pdf
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- •Cloud Computing
- •Foreword
- •Preface
- •Introduction
- •Expected Audience
- •Book Overview
- •Part 1: Cloud Base
- •Part 2: Cloud Seeding
- •Part 3: Cloud Breaks
- •Part 4: Cloud Feedback
- •Contents
- •1.1 Introduction
- •1.1.1 Cloud Services and Enabling Technologies
- •1.2 Virtualization Technology
- •1.2.1 Virtual Machines
- •1.2.2 Virtualization Platforms
- •1.2.3 Virtual Infrastructure Management
- •1.2.4 Cloud Infrastructure Manager
- •1.3 The MapReduce System
- •1.3.1 Hadoop MapReduce Overview
- •1.4 Web Services
- •1.4.1 RPC (Remote Procedure Call)
- •1.4.2 SOA (Service-Oriented Architecture)
- •1.4.3 REST (Representative State Transfer)
- •1.4.4 Mashup
- •1.4.5 Web Services in Practice
- •1.5 Conclusions
- •References
- •2.1 Introduction
- •2.2 Background and Related Work
- •2.3 Taxonomy of Cloud Computing
- •2.3.1 Cloud Architecture
- •2.3.1.1 Services and Modes of Cloud Computing
- •Software-as-a-Service (SaaS)
- •Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS)
- •Hardware-as-a-Service (HaaS)
- •Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS)
- •2.3.2 Virtualization Management
- •2.3.3 Core Services
- •2.3.3.1 Discovery and Replication
- •2.3.3.2 Load Balancing
- •2.3.3.3 Resource Management
- •2.3.4 Data Governance
- •2.3.4.1 Interoperability
- •2.3.4.2 Data Migration
- •2.3.5 Management Services
- •2.3.5.1 Deployment and Configuration
- •2.3.5.2 Monitoring and Reporting
- •2.3.5.3 Service-Level Agreements (SLAs) Management
- •2.3.5.4 Metering and Billing
- •2.3.5.5 Provisioning
- •2.3.6 Security
- •2.3.6.1 Encryption/Decryption
- •2.3.6.2 Privacy and Federated Identity
- •2.3.6.3 Authorization and Authentication
- •2.3.7 Fault Tolerance
- •2.4 Classification and Comparison between Cloud Computing Ecosystems
- •2.5 Findings
- •2.5.2 Cloud Computing PaaS and SaaS Provider
- •2.5.3 Open Source Based Cloud Computing Services
- •2.6 Comments on Issues and Opportunities
- •2.7 Conclusions
- •References
- •3.1 Introduction
- •3.2 Scientific Workflows and e-Science
- •3.2.1 Scientific Workflows
- •3.2.2 Scientific Workflow Management Systems
- •3.2.3 Important Aspects of In Silico Experiments
- •3.3 A Taxonomy for Cloud Computing
- •3.3.1 Business Model
- •3.3.2 Privacy
- •3.3.3 Pricing
- •3.3.4 Architecture
- •3.3.5 Technology Infrastructure
- •3.3.6 Access
- •3.3.7 Standards
- •3.3.8 Orientation
- •3.5 Taxonomies for Cloud Computing
- •3.6 Conclusions and Final Remarks
- •References
- •4.1 Introduction
- •4.2 Cloud and Grid: A Comparison
- •4.2.1 A Retrospective View
- •4.2.2 Comparison from the Viewpoint of System
- •4.2.3 Comparison from the Viewpoint of Users
- •4.2.4 A Summary
- •4.3 Examining Cloud Computing from the CSCW Perspective
- •4.3.1 CSCW Findings
- •4.3.2 The Anatomy of Cloud Computing
- •4.3.2.1 Security and Privacy
- •4.3.2.2 Data and/or Vendor Lock-In
- •4.3.2.3 Service Availability/Reliability
- •4.4 Conclusions
- •References
- •5.1 Overview – Cloud Standards – What and Why?
- •5.2 Deep Dive: Interoperability Standards
- •5.2.1 Purpose, Expectations and Challenges
- •5.2.2 Initiatives – Focus, Sponsors and Status
- •5.2.3 Market Adoption
- •5.2.4 Gaps/Areas of Improvement
- •5.3 Deep Dive: Security Standards
- •5.3.1 Purpose, Expectations and Challenges
- •5.3.2 Initiatives – Focus, Sponsors and Status
- •5.3.3 Market Adoption
- •5.3.4 Gaps/Areas of Improvement
- •5.4 Deep Dive: Portability Standards
- •5.4.1 Purpose, Expectations and Challenges
- •5.4.2 Initiatives – Focus, Sponsors and Status
- •5.4.3 Market Adoption
- •5.4.4 Gaps/Areas of Improvement
- •5.5.1 Purpose, Expectations and Challenges
- •5.5.2 Initiatives – Focus, Sponsors and Status
- •5.5.3 Market Adoption
- •5.5.4 Gaps/Areas of Improvement
- •5.6 Deep Dive: Other Key Standards
- •5.6.1 Initiatives – Focus, Sponsors and Status
- •5.7 Closing Notes
- •References
- •6.1 Introduction and Motivation
- •6.2 Cloud@Home Overview
- •6.2.1 Issues, Challenges, and Open Problems
- •6.2.2 Basic Architecture
- •6.2.2.1 Software Environment
- •6.2.2.2 Software Infrastructure
- •6.2.2.3 Software Kernel
- •6.2.2.4 Firmware/Hardware
- •6.2.3 Application Scenarios
- •6.3 Cloud@Home Core Structure
- •6.3.1 Management Subsystem
- •6.3.2 Resource Subsystem
- •6.4 Conclusions
- •References
- •7.1 Introduction
- •7.2 MapReduce
- •7.3 P2P-MapReduce
- •7.3.1 Architecture
- •7.3.2 Implementation
- •7.3.2.1 Basic Mechanisms
- •Resource Discovery
- •Network Maintenance
- •Job Submission and Failure Recovery
- •7.3.2.2 State Diagram and Software Modules
- •7.3.3 Evaluation
- •7.4 Conclusions
- •References
- •8.1 Introduction
- •8.2 The Cloud Evolution
- •8.3 Improved Network Support for Cloud Computing
- •8.3.1 Why the Internet is Not Enough?
- •8.3.2 Transparent Optical Networks for Cloud Applications: The Dedicated Bandwidth Paradigm
- •8.4 Architecture and Implementation Details
- •8.4.1 Traffic Management and Control Plane Facilities
- •8.4.2 Service Plane and Interfaces
- •8.4.2.1 Providing Network Services to Cloud-Computing Infrastructures
- •8.4.2.2 The Cloud Operating System–Network Interface
- •8.5.1 The Prototype Details
- •8.5.1.1 The Underlying Network Infrastructure
- •8.5.1.2 The Prototype Cloud Network Control Logic and its Services
- •8.5.2 Performance Evaluation and Results Discussion
- •8.6 Related Work
- •8.7 Conclusions
- •References
- •9.1 Introduction
- •9.2 Overview of YML
- •9.3 Design and Implementation of YML-PC
- •9.3.1 Concept Stack of Cloud Platform
- •9.3.2 Design of YML-PC
- •9.3.3 Core Design and Implementation of YML-PC
- •9.4 Primary Experiments on YML-PC
- •9.4.1 YML-PC Can Be Scaled Up Very Easily
- •9.4.2 Data Persistence in YML-PC
- •9.4.3 Schedule Mechanism in YML-PC
- •9.5 Conclusion and Future Work
- •References
- •10.1 Introduction
- •10.2 Related Work
- •10.2.1 General View of Cloud Computing frameworks
- •10.2.2 Cloud Computing Middleware
- •10.3 Deploying Applications in the Cloud
- •10.3.1 Benchmarking the Cloud
- •10.3.2 The ProActive GCM Deployment
- •10.3.3 Technical Solutions for Deployment over Heterogeneous Infrastructures
- •10.3.3.1 Virtual Private Network (VPN)
- •10.3.3.2 Amazon Virtual Private Cloud (VPC)
- •10.3.3.3 Message Forwarding and Tunneling
- •10.3.4 Conclusion and Motivation for Mixing
- •10.4 Moving HPC Applications from Grids to Clouds
- •10.4.1 HPC on Heterogeneous Multi-Domain Platforms
- •10.4.2 The Hierarchical SPMD Concept and Multi-level Partitioning of Numerical Meshes
- •10.4.3 The GCM/ProActive-Based Lightweight Framework
- •10.4.4 Performance Evaluation
- •10.5 Dynamic Mixing of Clusters, Grids, and Clouds
- •10.5.1 The ProActive Resource Manager
- •10.5.2 Cloud Bursting: Managing Spike Demand
- •10.5.3 Cloud Seeding: Dealing with Heterogeneous Hardware and Private Data
- •10.6 Conclusion
- •References
- •11.1 Introduction
- •11.2 Background
- •11.2.1 ASKALON
- •11.2.2 Cloud Computing
- •11.3 Resource Management Architecture
- •11.3.1 Cloud Management
- •11.3.2 Image Catalog
- •11.3.3 Security
- •11.4 Evaluation
- •11.5 Related Work
- •11.6 Conclusions and Future Work
- •References
- •12.1 Introduction
- •12.2 Layered Peer-to-Peer Cloud Provisioning Architecture
- •12.4.1 Distributed Hash Tables
- •12.4.2 Designing Complex Services over DHTs
- •12.5 Cloud Peer Software Fabric: Design and Implementation
- •12.5.1 Overlay Construction
- •12.5.2 Multidimensional Query Indexing
- •12.5.3 Multidimensional Query Routing
- •12.6 Experiments and Evaluation
- •12.6.1 Cloud Peer Details
- •12.6.3 Test Application
- •12.6.4 Deployment of Test Services on Amazon EC2 Platform
- •12.7 Results and Discussions
- •12.8 Conclusions and Path Forward
- •References
- •13.1 Introduction
- •13.2 High-Throughput Science with the Nimrod Tools
- •13.2.1 The Nimrod Tool Family
- •13.2.2 Nimrod and the Grid
- •13.2.3 Scheduling in Nimrod
- •13.3 Extensions to Support Amazon’s Elastic Compute Cloud
- •13.3.1 The Nimrod Architecture
- •13.3.2 The EC2 Actuator
- •13.3.3 Additions to the Schedulers
- •13.4.1 Introduction and Background
- •13.4.2 Computational Requirements
- •13.4.3 The Experiment
- •13.4.4 Computational and Economic Results
- •13.4.5 Scientific Results
- •13.5 Conclusions
- •References
- •14.1 Using the Cloud
- •14.1.1 Overview
- •14.1.2 Background
- •14.1.3 Requirements and Obligations
- •14.1.3.1 Regional Laws
- •14.1.3.2 Industry Regulations
- •14.2 Cloud Compliance
- •14.2.1 Information Security Organization
- •14.2.2 Data Classification
- •14.2.2.1 Classifying Data and Systems
- •14.2.2.2 Specific Type of Data of Concern
- •14.2.2.3 Labeling
- •14.2.3 Access Control and Connectivity
- •14.2.3.1 Authentication and Authorization
- •14.2.3.2 Accounting and Auditing
- •14.2.3.3 Encrypting Data in Motion
- •14.2.3.4 Encrypting Data at Rest
- •14.2.4 Risk Assessments
- •14.2.4.1 Threat and Risk Assessments
- •14.2.4.2 Business Impact Assessments
- •14.2.4.3 Privacy Impact Assessments
- •14.2.5 Due Diligence and Provider Contract Requirements
- •14.2.5.1 ISO Certification
- •14.2.5.2 SAS 70 Type II
- •14.2.5.3 PCI PA DSS or Service Provider
- •14.2.5.4 Portability and Interoperability
- •14.2.5.5 Right to Audit
- •14.2.5.6 Service Level Agreements
- •14.2.6 Other Considerations
- •14.2.6.1 Disaster Recovery/Business Continuity
- •14.2.6.2 Governance Structure
- •14.2.6.3 Incident Response Plan
- •14.3 Conclusion
- •Bibliography
- •15.1.1 Location of Cloud Data and Applicable Laws
- •15.1.2 Data Concerns Within a European Context
- •15.1.3 Government Data
- •15.1.4 Trust
- •15.1.5 Interoperability and Standardization in Cloud Computing
- •15.1.6 Open Grid Forum’s (OGF) Production Grid Interoperability Working Group (PGI-WG) Charter
- •15.1.7.1 What will OCCI Provide?
- •15.1.7.2 Cloud Data Management Interface (CDMI)
- •15.1.7.3 How it Works
- •15.1.8 SDOs and their Involvement with Clouds
- •15.1.10 A Microsoft Cloud Interoperability Scenario
- •15.1.11 Opportunities for Public Authorities
- •15.1.12 Future Market Drivers and Challenges
- •15.1.13 Priorities Moving Forward
- •15.2 Conclusions
- •References
- •16.1 Introduction
- •16.2 Cloud Computing (‘The Cloud’)
- •16.3 Understanding Risks to Cloud Computing
- •16.3.1 Privacy Issues
- •16.3.2 Data Ownership and Content Disclosure Issues
- •16.3.3 Data Confidentiality
- •16.3.4 Data Location
- •16.3.5 Control Issues
- •16.3.6 Regulatory and Legislative Compliance
- •16.3.7 Forensic Evidence Issues
- •16.3.8 Auditing Issues
- •16.3.9 Business Continuity and Disaster Recovery Issues
- •16.3.10 Trust Issues
- •16.3.11 Security Policy Issues
- •16.3.12 Emerging Threats to Cloud Computing
- •16.4 Cloud Security Relationship Framework
- •16.4.1 Security Requirements in the Clouds
- •16.5 Conclusion
- •References
- •17.1 Introduction
- •17.1.1 What Is Security?
- •17.2 ISO 27002 Gap Analyses
- •17.2.1 Asset Management
- •17.2.2 Communications and Operations Management
- •17.2.4 Information Security Incident Management
- •17.2.5 Compliance
- •17.3 Security Recommendations
- •17.4 Case Studies
- •17.4.1 Private Cloud: Fortune 100 Company
- •17.4.2 Public Cloud: Amazon.com
- •17.5 Summary and Conclusion
- •References
- •18.1 Introduction
- •18.2 Decoupling Policy from Applications
- •18.2.1 Overlap of Concerns Between the PEP and PDP
- •18.2.2 Patterns for Binding PEPs to Services
- •18.2.3 Agents
- •18.2.4 Intermediaries
- •18.3 PEP Deployment Patterns in the Cloud
- •18.3.1 Software-as-a-Service Deployment
- •18.3.2 Platform-as-a-Service Deployment
- •18.3.3 Infrastructure-as-a-Service Deployment
- •18.3.4 Alternative Approaches to IaaS Policy Enforcement
- •18.3.5 Basic Web Application Security
- •18.3.6 VPN-Based Solutions
- •18.4 Challenges to Deploying PEPs in the Cloud
- •18.4.1 Performance Challenges in the Cloud
- •18.4.2 Strategies for Fault Tolerance
- •18.4.3 Strategies for Scalability
- •18.4.4 Clustering
- •18.4.5 Acceleration Strategies
- •18.4.5.1 Accelerating Message Processing
- •18.4.5.2 Acceleration of Cryptographic Operations
- •18.4.6 Transport Content Coding
- •18.4.7 Security Challenges in the Cloud
- •18.4.9 Binding PEPs and Applications
- •18.4.9.1 Intermediary Isolation
- •18.4.9.2 The Protected Application Stack
- •18.4.10 Authentication and Authorization
- •18.4.11 Clock Synchronization
- •18.4.12 Management Challenges in the Cloud
- •18.4.13 Audit, Logging, and Metrics
- •18.4.14 Repositories
- •18.4.15 Provisioning and Distribution
- •18.4.16 Policy Synchronization and Views
- •18.5 Conclusion
- •References
- •19.1 Introduction and Background
- •19.2 A Media Service Cloud for Traditional Broadcasting
- •19.2.1 Gridcast the PRISM Cloud 0.12
- •19.3 An On-demand Digital Media Cloud
- •19.4 PRISM Cloud Implementation
- •19.4.1 Cloud Resources
- •19.4.2 Cloud Service Deployment and Management
- •19.5 The PRISM Deployment
- •19.6 Summary
- •19.7 Content Note
- •References
- •20.1 Cloud Computing Reference Model
- •20.2 Cloud Economics
- •20.2.1 Economic Context
- •20.2.2 Economic Benefits
- •20.2.3 Economic Costs
- •20.2.5 The Economics of Green Clouds
- •20.3 Quality of Experience in the Cloud
- •20.4 Monetization Models in the Cloud
- •20.5 Charging in the Cloud
- •20.5.1 Existing Models of Charging
- •20.5.1.1 On-Demand IaaS Instances
- •20.5.1.2 Reserved IaaS Instances
- •20.5.1.3 PaaS Charging
- •20.5.1.4 Cloud Vendor Pricing Model
- •20.5.1.5 Interprovider Charging
- •20.6 Taxation in the Cloud
- •References
- •21.1 Introduction
- •21.2 Background
- •21.3 Experiment
- •21.3.1 Target Application: Value at Risk
- •21.3.2 Target Systems
- •21.3.2.1 Condor
- •21.3.2.2 Amazon EC2
- •21.3.2.3 Eucalyptus
- •21.3.3 Results
- •21.3.4 Job Completion
- •21.3.5 Cost
- •21.4 Conclusions and Future Work
- •References
- •Index
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Fig. 7.3 Steps performed to submit a job and to recover from a master failure
It is worth noticing that the master failure and the subsequent recovery procedure are transparent to the user. It should also be noted that a master node may simultaneously play the role of primary master for one job and that of backup master for another job.
7.3.2 Implementation
We implemented a prototype of the P2P-MapReduce framework using the JXTA framework [12]. JXTA provides a set of XML-based protocols that allow computers and other devices to communicate and collaborate in a P2P fashion. Each peer provides a set of services made available to other peers in the network. Services are any type of programs that can be networked by a single or a group of peers.
In JXTA, there are two main types of peers: rendezvous and edge. The rendezvous peers act as routers in a network, forwarding the discovery requests submitted
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