Montserrat Guibernau - Belonging_ Solidarity and Division in Modern Societies (2013, Polity)
.pdfIndex |
219 |
political mobilization, 44 reciprocal commitment, 33 religious versus political,
118–20
rituals, 104, 106, 178 scapegoating and dissent, 134–5 Spain, 130–1
symbols, 97
US loyalty programmes, 130, 131–4, 136, 143, 179, 195n25
weakening of, 141–2 Luhmann, Niklas, 147–8 Luxembourg, 27, 184n2
McCartney, Paul, 33 Machiavelli, Niccolò, 108 Malcolm X, 47
market societies, 64, 147–51, 170
markets, 73, 149, 176, 177 Marshall, T.H., 166 masochism, 72
mass demonstrations, 100–1, 102 material assets, 28
Mead, George Herbert, 17 media, 59, 62, 102, 127, 152 medieval societies, 15 Melucci, Alberto, 16
Middle East, 100–2
Miller, David, 86
minority groups, 44–5, 83–4 modern society, 4, 15–16, 62, 141, 142, 148
expression of emotions, 153, 170, 179
freedom of choice, 24, 26, 27, 32, 69
individualism, 172
rationality versus emotion, 151 rites of belonging, 108–10
modernity, 9, 18, 24, 68–9, 173, 175
Monaco, 27 monarchies, 27
Moore, Barrington, Jr, 164 morality, 51, 52
see also ethical issues Morocco, 102 Mubarak, Hosni, 100 Mudde, Cas, 79
multiculturalism, 73, 86, 128 clash of cultures, 177
radical right opposition to, 82, 87, 89
symbols, 93
Muslim Brotherhood, 101 Muslims, 37, 85, 120, 179 burqa, 7–9, 10–14, 24
political Islam, 101
radical right opposition to, 4, 75, 78
see also Islam
narcissism, group, 65
nation, 37, 39–40, 172–3, 176 belonging to the, 43–4, 180 conflicting views of the, 86–8 definition of, 148–9
loyalty to the, 32, 123–30, 142–3, 151, 152, 179
symbols, 39, 41 traditional norms, 174 see also state
national identity, 8, 39–41, 143, 170
conflicting views of the nation, 86, 88
construction of, 152
five dimensions of, 125–8 integration of immigrants, 141 perception of cultural threat to,
84, 85
radical right concerns about, 22, 23, 79, 82, 89, 177
symbols, 37
220 |
Index |
nationalism, 5, 28, 43, 127 black nationalism, 47–8 ethno-nationalism, 22, 82 ethno-symbolism, 109 fascism, 75
loyalty, 123–4, 128, 142–3, 179 main characteristics of, 124–5 non-democratic forms of, 90–1 Revolt of the Catalans, 158 symbols, 38, 39, 41
nation-state, 20–1, 73, 148–9, 151–2, 159, 170, 176, 177
see also state nature, 16, 65
Nazism, 31–2, 71, 72, 74, 80, 95–6, 104–5, 122
neoliberalism, 23 Netherlands, 27, 75, 76, 77–8 Nietzsche, Friedrich, 165–6 Nikoloric, Leonard A., 132–3 niqab, 9, 10–14, 24 ‘normalizing society’, 58 norms, 19, 57, 71
conformity to, 2, 3–4, 26, 56, 61, 62–3, 180
inclusion and exclusion, 32 submission to moral, 52, 69 traditional, 174
Norris, Pippa, 79, 80
Northern Ireland, 94 Norway, 27, 74, 76, 78
Nouvelle Droite, 88–9
Oakeshott, Michael, 50
oaths of allegiance, 118, 133–4 Obama, Barack, 48, 103, 155–6 obedience, 4, 28, 175
ambivalence, 49 churches, 32 heteronomy, 52
Kant’s concept of freedom, 54 loyalty as, 137, 138
Opus Dei, 111
Ortega y Gasset, José, 62 ‘outsiders’, 4, 70, 145, 168–9 ‘overriding identity’, 1–2, 29, 49
Pakistan, 7 Palestinians, 12, 102 Parsons, Talcott, 146
patriotism, 53, 124, 129, 179 peacetime, loyalty during, 128 ‘pendulum thesis’, 47 personality disorders, 67
Pla y Deniel, Enrique, 106–7 Poland, 76
political alienation, 23–4 political dimension of national
identity, 127–8 political mobilization, 3, 180
collective identity, 44–8 cosmopolitanism, 42–3 cyber-revolutions, 102–3 emotions as trigger for, 5–6, 92,
144, 154–70, 171 loyalty, 123–4
Muslim burqa/niqab, 12 see also social movements
political opportunity structures, 163
political parties, 30, 82, 145 radical right, 70, 75, 76,
89–90
political rights, 160, 161 politicians, lack of trust in, 20, 23 populism, 142
radical right parties, 74, 75, 77, 79, 81–2, 90
‘regressive’ social movements, 162
Portugal, 135 power
emotions, 146
fear caused by lack of, 166 Foucault on, 56–7, 58, 69–70 racism, 85
Index |
221 |
ritual and, 91, 98–100 social movements, 171 ‘practices of the self’, 56
‘presentation of the self’, 17 Preston, Paul, 107
Primo de Rivera, José, 96–7 Protestants, 9, 130 psychological dimension of
national identity, 125–6 public opinion, 59, 62, 63, 80,
135 Pujol, Jordi, 45–6
punishment, 34, 61, 106
Quebec, 184–5n19
Qur’an, 11
racism, 20, 47, 84–5, 88 radical right, 4, 20, 22–3, 70,
71–91, 176, 177 characteristics of, 75–8 conflicting views of the nation,
86–8
cultural exclusion, 88–90 ethno-politics, 83–4 Germany, 95–6
racism, 84–5
‘regressive’ social movements, 162
rise of authoritarianism, 71–5 ‘threat’ of immigrants, 128 voters, 79–80
‘white resistance’, 80–2 see also authoritarianism
Rai, Shirin M., 105
reason, 53, 54–5, 146, 147, 150–1 reciprocal commitment, 32–3, 48,
172 refugees
fear and prejudice towards, 20, 21, 85
radical right opposition to, 77, 83–4, 87, 89
‘regressive’ social movements, 162, 171, 180
religion, 8–10, 175
breakdown of social structures based on, 22
ceremonies, 99–100
Cities against Islamization, 82 as constraint to free choice,
30–1, 48 Durkheim on, 108–9 Islamic countries, 120 loyalty, 118–20, 124 norms of inclusion and
exclusion, 32 political rights, 160 religious minorities, 44–5 Spanish Civil War, 106–7 symbols, 36–7, 38, 43
tension with the state, 118–19 see also Christianity; Islam
religious fundamentalism, 4, 45, 73–4, 120, 128
Renan, Ernst, 40 resistance
cultural, 46 Foucault on, 56
‘white resistance’, 80–2 ressentiment, 64, 141, 165–6,
180
‘Revolt of the Reapers’ (1640), 156–9
right see radical right ‘right to difference’, 88–9 rights
African–Americans, 48 citizenship, 40, 152, 159 cosmopolitan right, 54–5 individual versus collective, 138 Kant’s concept of right, 51–2,
53
political movements, 164 quest for, 159–61
see also human rights
222 |
Index |
ritual, 4–5, 32, 37, 43–4, 91, 116–17, 177–8
Catholic Church, 26 emotions and, 103–5, 153–4,
170 exclusion, 105–6 hazing, 115–16 inclusion, 105
initiation, 97, 114, 115–16 national identity, 40, 152 power and, 98–100 private, 94
rites of belonging, 108–10 rites of passage, 110–12 Spain, 106–8
Robespierre, Maximilien de, 104 Rockwell, George Lincoln, 80–1 Rosiny, Stephan, 101–2
Russell, Bertrand, 34
Sabians, 109
sacrifice, 104, 105, 141, 166 sadism, 72
Saleh, Ali Abdullah, 100 ‘sameness’, 44
Sarkozy, Nicolas, 9
Sartre, Jean-Paul, 57, 61, 165 Saudi Arabia, 10, 102 Savage, Mike, 34 scapegoating, 134–5
Schaar, John H., 137, 138, 139 Scheff, Thomas, 145 Schlesinger, Arthur M. Jr., 60–1,
136 Schwartz, Barry, 62 Scotland, 39
secret societies, 36, 110, 169–70 secularism, 9–10, 104, 111, 118,
119
self, practices of the, 56 self-actualization, 17, 30 self-determination, 54, 164 self-discipline, 57–8, 69
self-esteem, 19, 20, 34, 49, 62, 64 altruism, 129
ethnic nationalism, 22 multiple identities, 36 national identity, 89, 126 raised by acts of loyalty, 121 sex addiction, 67
social movements, 169 workaholism, 66
self-identity, 1–2, 24, 49 belonging by choice, 27, 28,
29–30
construction and meaning of, 3, 16–17, 19, 24, 26, 56, 173
see also identity self-image, 17–18, 64, 98 self-reflection, 16
Sennett, Richard, 147, 166 ‘sentimental meaning’, 93 sex addiction, 67
sexual violence, 115 Sharia law, 82, 101, 120
‘significant groups’, 151–2, 170 ‘significant others’, 17, 18 Simmel, Georg, 148
slavery, 131–2, 150, 160 Smith, Adam, 150
Smith, Anthony D., 109, 126 social action, 144–7
social cohesion, 86, 88, 177 social identity theory, 35 social justice, 74, 141, 180 social media, 102–3
social movements, 72, 168–9, 173, 176, 180
confidence of leaders, 167 emancipatory politics, 75 emergence of, 148–9, 159 ‘liberating’ versus ‘regressive’, 6,
161–3, 171
see also political mobilization solidarity, 1, 24–5, 28, 167, 172,
180
Index |
223 |
conformity required for shared, 64
cosmopolitan identity, 42 cultural anxiety, 21
gang members, 114
loyalty, 124, 141, 142–3, 178 nation-state, 151
political mobilization, 44 prevalence of, 148 reciprocal commitment, 33 replaced by individualism, 20 rituals, 99, 105
shared culture, 126–7 symbols, 93 wartime, 129
South Africa, 31
Soviet Union, former (USSR), 20, 74, 77, 94–5, 135
Spain
Assembly of Catalonia, 45–6 denunciations, 194n14 influence of the Catholic
Church, 119 International Brigades, 130 loyalty, 122, 130–1, 135 monarchy, 27
radical right, 74, 76 Revolt of the Catalans,
156–9
symbols and ritual, 94, 96–7, 106–8
wearing of the burqa by Muslims, 9
women’s voting rights, 72 Sperber, Dan, 41
Squires, Judith, 12–13 state
absolutist, 16, 65 classification procedures, 35 definition of, 148–9
Kant’s concept of freedom, 53–4
national identity, 39, 40
tension with religion, 9–10, 118–19
weakening of the nation-state, 20–1, 73
see also nation; nation-state state of nature, 52, 53, 54 status, 99
stereotypes, 13, 84–5 Stets, Jan, 36 stigma, 105–6 Stoics, 57
Strache, Heinz-Christian, 87 submission, 59, 60, 63, 70, 174,
175
to the ‘general legislative will’, 54
to a leader, 65, 71, 72 to moral norms, 52, 69 Sullivan, Harry Stack, 17
Sweden, 27, 74, 75, 76, 177 Switzerland, 76, 78, 161, 177 symbols, 4, 32, 91, 92–103, 116,
177–8
Arab Spring, 103 belonging to the nation,
43–4
Catholic Church, 26 ethno-symbolism, 109 Germany, 94–6, 104–5 meaning of, 97–8
national identity, 40–1, 152 power of, 36–9, 92–3 shared culture, 127
Spain, 96–7, 106–8 status, 99
see also ritual Syria, 100, 102
Tahrir Square demonstrations, 100–1
Taliban, 7, 10 Taylor, Charles, 44
territory, 125, 127, 149
224 |
Index |
terrorism, 21, 85, 120, 128, 139, 179
Thoits, Peggy A., 19 Tilly, Charles, 156, 163
Tocqueville, Alexis de, 135, 150 tolerance, 22, 44, 45, 136 tradition, 2, 175–6
traditional societies, 15, 16, 24, 61, 65, 68–9, 173
transgression, 33, 61 treason, 129, 195n36
Truman, Harry S., 132–3, 195n25 trust, 71, 127–8, 129, 147–8
decline in loyalty, 142 implicit, 146
questioning of loyalty, 134, 135 Tunisia, 10, 100, 101
Turkey, 10 Twitter, 102–3
uncertainty, 19–21, 22, 172, 174, 176–7
unemployment, 20, 78, 79, 85, 87 United Kingdom
Church of England, 119 exclusionary clubs, 31 feminism, 161
House of Lords, 111, 119 London bombings, 120, 179 loyalty tests, 130 monarchy, 27
neoconservatism/neoliberalism,
23
oaths of allegiance, 118 political rights, 160
post-war division of Germany, 94–5
radical right, 74, 76, 79, 90 Union Jack, 38
United States, 20, 54, 61 citizenship rights, 160
civil rights movement, 46–8, 72, 133
Dennis v. United States, 139 drug addiction, 66 emotional versus rational
arguments, 155–6 exclusionary clubs, 31 feminism, 161 immigrants to the, 140
Japanese Americans during World War II, 135–6, 195–6n36
loyalty programmes, 5, 130, 131–4, 136, 143, 179, 195n25
neoconservatism/neoliberalism,
23
oaths of allegiance, 118, 133–4 post-war division of Germany,
94–5 radical right, 77
religion, 119, 175 riots, 163
shift from freedom to security, 139
social movements, 173 University of Cambridge, 113
values
challenges to, 19 clash of, 24, 177
conformity to, 3–4, 71, 180 construction of self-identity,
173 emotions, 146 national, 125
radical right, 77, 78 religious minorities, 44–5 shared culture, 127 social cohesion, 86 social movements, 171 ‘transmutation of’, 165 Western, 179
van Gennep, Arnold, 98, 110–11, 115
Index |
225 |
vengeance, 126, 164, 180 verification of group membership,
36
violence, 114, 115, 129, 130, 163, 164, 167
virtual social networks, 110 Vlaams Blok, 22
voluntary associations, 133 von Bertalanffy, Ludwig, 40
Wahlke, John C., 134 war, 40, 137, 152
loyalty during, 32, 129–30, 143 sacrifice during, 105
Weber, Max, 147, 149 ‘white resistance’, 80–2 Wieviorka, Michel, 85 Wodak, Ruth, 145 Wollstonecraft, Mary, 161 women
exclusion of, 31 inequalities, 160–1
Kant’s definition of citizenship, 53
new public profile of, 61 political Islam, 101 political movements, 164 Spain, 72
wearing of the burqa by Muslims, 7–9, 10–14, 24
workaholism, 66
World Union of National Socialists (WUNS), 80–1
Wright, Richard, 46–7
xenophobia, 20, 77, 95–6
Yack, Bernard, 29
Yemen, 100, 102
Young, Kimberley S., 68
Yuval-Davis, Nira, 12, 84
Zapatero, José Luís Rodriguez,
96
Zaslove, Andrej, 78
Zweig, Stefan, 182n4