Aircraft pollution

To soar through the air like birds was only a dream of human for centuries. This dream was become true because of airplane. But this wonderful invention has got opposite side. It is aircraft pollution. Aircraft pollution includes three main groups of contamination made by airplanes, namely: water pollution of the airport activities, air pollution of the aircraft emissions and noise pollution.

Aircraft and especially jet aircraft discharge large amount of pollutants in the air. Air is gas which you take in through nose and mouse when you breathe. Although jet engines have improved over the last years, they still are responsible for considerable air pollution. Now researches have reported that a health threat was appeared from aircraft emission. People living within three miles of an airport or its flight paths have disease rates (20-40%) It is higher for such diseases as heart, cancer, asthma and other respiratory ailments, and pregnancy complications.

Water pollution of the airport activities is formed by a lot of toxic chemicals. Although the airports must conform to the clean water laws in their activities, pollutants are allowed to run into nearby waterways. For example Metropolitan Washington Airport, deicer and anti-icing chemicals, at the rate of 1 00000 gallons per year are allowed to run into the Potomac River. Now in the world a lot different kinds of works, including cleaning jets, are used to reduce water consumption.

Noise pollution is one of greatest problems posed by airports. Different factors affect the amount of aircraft noise one can hear. Wind direction, aircraft orientation, humidity, seasons increase or decrease the level of noise. A lot of large airport operators place noise monitoring equipment within the community to asses the changes in average noise levels. This gives the citizens a crude measurement of the noise impact they are living with. Noise abatement procedures can help to reduce the impact of jet aircraft noise on the citizen, living near airport or along its flight paths. These procedures incorporate reduction of night time operations. Night time noise is limited for arrivals and departures and these remain effect from 10 p.m. to 7 a.m. There is a 30 minute grace period for late arrivals. Unapproved take off may be fined up to 5000$. Pollution can be minimized but not eliminated.

A-GROUP EXERCISES

1.Write out terminological words and word combinations and make sentences with them.

2. Write out verb forms (there are 30) except the verb to be and define their tense forms, give the infinitive.

Examples:

have improved – Present Perfect, Active Voice, to have improved

was used – Past Simple, Passive Voice, to be used

3. Complete the chart.

Nouns Verbs

1. pollution. ___________

2. ____________ to operate

3. ____________ to develop

4. ____________ to classify

5. ____________ to corporate

6. complication _____________

7. reduction _____________

8. ____________ to prevent

9. decision _____________

10. ____________ to meet

11. measurement _____________

12. ____________ to create

13. ____________ to ratify

14. orientation _____________

15. ____________ to consider

4. Write out the nouns with -ence, -ment, -tion, -sion,

-age from the text and give synonym to them.

5. Adjectives.

5a. The order, opinion and fact adjective use.

Fact adjective: large, small, rare, black, woolen, little, big, wide, great (=very large)

Opinion adjectives: delightful, fantastic, trendy, nice, high quality, fashionable, great (=very nice)

First we use opinion after fact adjectives. And fact adjectives we use in the following order: size – shape – colour – material.

Examples: a new round grey steel table;

Put adjectives in correct order.

(Brown, old, wooden) wardrobe; (black, small, silk) dress; (square, blue, big) suitcase; (light, leather, grey) coat; (red, round, tiny) balloon; (velvet, yellow, wonderful) sofa; (nylon, old, green) shirt; (white, expensive, big) car; (golden, expensive, new, small) ring.

5b. Give opposite to the adjectives and give their comparative and superlative degree.

Examples: clean – dirty; clean – cleaner – the cleanest ;

different _______________________________________________

noise ___________________________________________________

beautiful _________________________________________________

lovely _________________________________________________

small _________________________________________________

fast __________________________________________________

long _________________________________________________

mean ____________________________________________________

dark _________________________________________________

careful ________________________________________________

happy ________________________________________________

less ________________________________________________

old _______________________________________________

expensive ________________________________________________

quick _________________________________________________

early _________________________________________________

automatic ________________________________________________

sad _________________________________________________

gentle _________________________________________________

6. Translate the following word combinations into Ukrainian.

flight

flight paths

flight paths safety

flight paths safety systems

flight paths safety systems department

powerful

powerful catalysts

powerful catalysts action

powerful catalysts action reinforcement

air

air transport

air transport pollution

air transport pollution aspects

noise

noise pollution

noise pollution problems

noise pollution problems solution

airport

airport activities

airport activities water pollution

airport activities water pollution control

B-GROUP EXERCISES

WORDS THAT GO TOGETHER

1. Match a line in C with a line in D to make word combinations.

C	D
to be noise aircraft flight wonderful airport aircraft grace noise monitoring airport aircraft water crude water pollution pregnancy different	pollution paths invention period limited for arrivals & departures orientation activities operators noise emissions control equipment measurement complications kinds consumption

2. Most words in English have more than one meaning. Here there are two and more meanings of some words. Try to guess the words (all of them are in the text).

Meaning	Word
have a picture or idea in your mind when you are asleep
hope for something nice in the future
one of the outer parts of smth
help someone or agree with someone
one of two groups of people who quarrelling or fighting
the total sum of money
Quantity
what you take in through nose and mouse when you breathe
(to travel ) in aeroplane
let air come into a place, or on to smth , to make it fresh

(S _ _ _ a_ _ a _ _ _ _ _ d _ _ _ _)

3. Make sentences with words from the next table in written form.

*ADJECTIVE>**ADVERB>*** NOUN> ****VERB

* far from one end to the other;	long (adj)
*lasting a long of time;	long(adj)
**for a lot of time;	long (adv)
***to want something very much;	to long for
***to want very much to do or to have something;	to long to
****(no plural) soon;	before long (noun)

4. A great number of words have more than two meanings. Use Oxford Learner’s dictionary to explain them.

PREPOSITIONS and ADVERBS

Word	Meaning
about (prep.)
about (adv.)
Above(prep)
Above (adv.)
all (adv.)
all (adj.)
all (pron.)
Another(pron.)
Another(adj.)
Before (adv.)
Before(pron.)
Before(conj.)
below (adv.)
below (prep.)
back (adv.)
back (adj.)
back (n.)
Besides(adv.)
Besides (prep.)
Behind(adv.)
Behind(adj.)

NOUNS and VERBS

Meaning	Word
* what you take in through nose and mouse when you breathe	air
*(to travel l ) in aero plane	n. by…
*to make … fresh
** to put power into something	to charge
** to ask a price for something
**words that a policeman says when he catches someone who has done wrong
**sudden attack by soldiers, animals, etc.
***group of things of the same sort;	Set (noun)
*** radio or television instrument;	(noun)
***to put something somewhere;	(verb)
***to fix something in a tight place	(verb)
*** to go down from the sky	(verb)
***to put a broken bone together so that it will mend;	(verb)
*** to start something;	(verb)
*** to make something burn;	(verb)
***to give work to someone to do.	(verb)

5. Pick out all possible objects to the given infinitive forms.

to place the impact of jet aircraft noise

to run noise monitoring equipment

to give cleaning jets

to make the level of noise

to increase or decrease into nearby waterways

to encourage the citizens opportunity

to reduce air fresh

to put something

to soar something somewhere

to want through the air

6. Write out all possible attributes from the text to the following words:

Pollution, paths, invention, period, activities, operator, noise, emissions, equipment, measurement, complications, consumption, reduction, orientation, side, kinds.

7. Write out the prepositions and put them into the correct columns.

You will find in the text prepositions of PLACE, TIME, DIRECTION and CAUSE.

PLACE	TIME	DIRECTION	CAUSE

8. Pick out a line in E with a line in F.

E

1. to increase or decrease the level

2. to give the citizens

3. to place the impact

4. to conform

5. to run chemicals

6. to be limited

7. to soar

F

­­­­__ for arrivals & departures

__ to the clean water laws

__ through the air

__ of jet aircraft noise

__ of noise

__ opportunity

__ into nearby waterways

C -GROUP EXERCISES

1. Make Yes/No questions to the following sentences.

1.Different factors affect the amount of aircraft noise one can hear. 2. Noise pollution is one of greatest problems posed by airports. 3. But this wonderful invention has got opposite side. 4. Aircraft and especially jet aircraft discharge large amount of pollutants. 5. This dream was become true because of airplane. 6. Wind direction, aircraft orientation, humidity, seasons increase or decrease the level of noise. 7. Although jet engines have been improved over the last years. 8. A lot of large airport operators place noise monitoring equipment.

2. Put all possible questions to the underlined sentences in the text “Aircraft Pollution” and call type of each question.

Example: What was become true because of airplane? – Subject question.

3. Make negative form to the sentences in Ex. 2.

Example: 1a.There are not cleaning jets now. 1b. Are there cleaning jets now?

4. Put verbs in brackets into the Passive Voice.

1. Now in the world a lot different kinds of works, including cleaning jets, (to use) to reduce water consumption. 2. Noise pollution (to pose) by airports. 3. All my dreams (to become) true because of new car. 4. Jet engines (to improve) over the last years. 5. Aircraft pollution (to classify) in three main groups namely: water pollution of the airport activities, air pollution of the aircraft emissions and noise pollution. 6 Unapproved take off may (to fine up) to $5000. 7. Pollution can (to minimize) but not eliminated.

5. Put the words from the box next to their definition.

To pollute, water consumption, cleaning jets, clean water laws, noise pollution, to soar, emissions, to charge, to set and aircraft pollution.
Word	Definition
	is contamination made by airplanes;
	is large amount loud sound that makes health threat;
	means to make something dirty;
	are aircraft pollutants emitted in the air;
	means to fly or go up into the air;
	are clean water keeping rules;
	means taking pollutants away from jets;
	means water using;
	means to put power into something
	means to give work to someone to do.

D-GROUP EXERCISES

1. Pick out a line in H with a line in I.

H

1. But this wonderful invention has got

2. Water pollution of the airport activities

3. Air is gas which you take in through nose and mouse

4. Now in the world a lot different kinds of works

5. Cleaning jets

6. Pollution can be minimized

7. To long to do means

I

__ when you breathe.

__ means taking pollutants away from jets.

__ are used to reduce water consumption.

__to want very much to do or to have something.

__ is formed by a lot of toxic chemicals.

__opposite side. It is aircraft pollution.

__ but not eliminated

2. Divide the text “Aircraft Pollution” into three paragraphs. Name them. Where do you think the paragraphs begin and end?

Paragraph I. ________________________________________

Paragraph II. ________________________________________

Paragraph III.________________________________________

3.Speak on topic ‘’ Noise Pollution and Healh ’’

MODULE 9

UKRAINE ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS

UNIT 1

CAUSES OF POLLUTION

Pre-reading

Look through and remember the following words.

Invention винахід

Advance пpoгpec, пoлiпшeння

Exhaust вихлопні гази

Combustion згорання

Nitrogen азот

oxide ['oksaid] окис

gasoline ['gaesali:n] 6eзин

converter перетворювач

lead [led] свинець

cancel зводити на нівець

sewage treatment plant завод/обладнання для очистки стічних вод

nutrient поживна речовина

algae ['aеld3i:] морські водорості

troublesome який спричиняє тривогу

Read the text.