V. Explain why these things happen.

EXAMPLE: The spark plugs gave a spark at last, (to clean)

Being cleaned the spark plugs gave a spark.

1. The engine needs cooling, (to heat)

2. The ammeter is recording no current, (to break)

3. The moving parts work almost without friction, (to oil)

4. Solar-powered systems operate at night, (to supply with batteries)

5. The project promises good results, (to design carefully)

6. The car needs a serious overhaul, (to damage)

VI. Expand the following sentences as shown in the example.

EXAMPLE: When removed the particles of dirt can't cause damage.

When the particles of dirt are removed, they can't cause damage.

1. If tested the engine may be started.

2. When repaired and repainted, the car looked as good as new.

3. If removed impurities cannot block the carburettor.

4. When removed from the pump, the filter is cleaned with a brush.

5. If added to the engine, oil decreases friction between the moving parts.

6. When adjusted properly, the spark plugs produce a spark.

VII. Study the following sentences and point out the differences in their translation.

1. a) A car running on hydrogen was invented long ago.

b) Running on hydrogen this car is not likely to cause pollution-

2. a) Students attending classes regularly study better.

b) Attending classes regularly students understand the material quicker.

3. a) The exhaust system being repaired at the moment produces too much smoke.

b) Being repaired by a skilful mechanic the exhaust system is now in order.

c) If not repaired the exhaust system will have to be replaced.

4. a) When redesigned the engine will perform better.

b) Being redesigned completely the engine became more efficient.

c) The engine redesigned and improved by the researchers showed excellent performance.

VIII. If none of the switches are working something must be wrong with the electrical system in the car. Say in what order you will check its components. Work in a chain.

Begin like this: Having noticed a fault in the electrical system of my car I will turn the engine on. Having turned the engine on I will turn it off again. Having …etc.

Your actions: to switch on the lights;

to switch them off;

to press the horn button;

to push the indicator lever to the left;

to push the lever to the right;

to stop the indicator;

to switch on the engine again;

to press the brake pedal;

to release the pedal; to switch off the ignition;

to ask the mechanic for help.

IX. Match the beginning of each sentence with its end.

1. Having been cleaned	a) the participants of the conference were surprised.
2. Having been repaired by a good mechanic	b) I had to pay the fine for speeding.
3. Having been stopped by a policeman.	c) the car needed a serious overhaul.
4. Having been damaged badly	d) the filter increased the airflow.
5. Having been shown the results of the research	e) the car was as good as new.