Контрольное задание № 4

Чтобы правильно выполнить задание № 4, необходимо усвоить следующие разделы курса английского языка по рекомендованному учебнику:

1. Условные предложения трех типов.

2. Сложные формы инфинитива и причастия.

I. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения, принимая во внимание, что объектный и субъектный инфинитивные обороты большей частью соответствуют придаточным предложениям.

1. Automation is known to have speed up both the development of rocket production and that of nuclear industry.

2. The new system of automatic control is likely to be used in the near future.

3. We know the existence of life on the Earth to depend upon the continuous receipt of enormous quantities of energy from the Sun.

4. In recent years we have seen vast new progress take place in space research.

II. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения, учитывая различия в переводе зависимого и независимого причастных оборотов.

1. Automation having been firmly established in space research, our spaceships employ automatic instruments in the study of cosmic space.

2. Having made a great many observations during their flights, cosmonauts successfully fulfilled their programme.

3. Space research is being developed rapidly in our country, automation being widely used in space research.

III. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения, содержащие придаточные предложения условия.

1. A great number of stones lying on the Moon's surface proved that the lunar ground was firm enough and would not sink, if it were stepped on, walked across or put heavy weight upon.

2. It would have been impossible to launch space rockets, if we had not had the necessary polymeric materials and synthetic fuels.

FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS IN THE U.S.A.

Businesses that distribute or deal in money are called financial institutions. New institutions that meet new financial needs are appearing almost every day in the USA. The most familiar institutions are commercial banks, savings banks, savings and loan associations, mutual savings banks, credit unions, investment banks and so on.

A commercial bank is a privately owned profit-making corporation. It serves both individuals and businesses by offering checking and savings accounts, loans, and credit cards. It also deals in some brokerage, insurance, and financial advice.

The commercial bank is the most important source of short term loans for businesses. Sometimes the borrowers pledge collateral to back up the loan. Such loan is a secured, loan. Companies with a good financial position are given the prime rate of interest which is the lowest commercial interest rate.

The commercial bank offers its customers accounts of two types: demand deposits and time deposits. A demand deposit makes the money in it available to depositors immediately, while a time deposit requires depositors to leave their money with the bank for a stated period of time.

Most banks offer their customers various savings certificates, called certificates of deposit. Savers may put their money into thirty day, six month, or two and a half year certificates. The highest interest is paid to the customers who deposit their money for a longer period.

Banking services are not free and banks charge fees for them. Many banks assess a service fee if an account balance falls beneath a particular minimum, such as $200.

There are two types of commercial banks. A national bank is chartered by the federal government. About one third of all commercial banks are national. A state bank, which is smaller than a national bank, is chartered by an individual state.

REGULATION AND CONTROL OF FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS

There is a central bank for all states in the USA called the Federal Reserve System ("the Fed") which controls various financial institutions. The government and member banks jointly own the Fed. All national banks are members of the Fed. Most of the state banks do not join the system. Member banks have a right to obtain funds by borrowing from their district reserve banks, to use various services which the system provides, to obtain financial advice and assistance and to receive a dividend on stock that the district bank owns.

The Fed controls the money supply and prevent the economy from crisis. Its most powerful tool in controlling the money supply is the reserve requirement. It is the percentage of all deposits that a bank must keep on hand at the bank or on deposit with the Fed. If the Fed requires banks to keep 20 per- cent of all funds on deposit, then they can loan out the other 80 percent to individuals and companies.

The Fed also sells and buys governmental securities (bonds) When it buys government securities, it increases the money supply by putting more money in circulation. When the Fed sells government securities, it decreases the money supply.

The Fed is "the banker's bank" because it lends money to member banks. The interest that the Fed charges is called the discount rate. The discount rate is an effective monetary tool. The Fed uses it to "fine tune" the economy and to influence the rate at which banks lend to their customers. The Fed also uses a set of credit controls. It establishes the margin requirements on credit purchases of stocks and bonds. The margin is the percentage that credit customers must pay in advance.

Besides its monetary functions, the Fed also clears checks by moving them from the bank where they were deposited to the bank on which they are drawn. The check travels electronically from one bank to another through the Federal Reserve Bank.

The government also insures deposits ill case of bank failure. The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) requires the banks to give customers information about their asset quality, capital and earning. This prevents customers from doing business with banks that are in trouble.

CROMVELL.

Cromwell was a country gentleman, a farmer of Huntingdonshire, with no desire to be known in the world. He had wanted to leave England and find a new home in America where he would be free to worship as he wished, but the king had forbidden him to leave England. He had been in Parliament, a rough, ungraceful figure, unskilful as a speaker but known for his strength of character and his deep sincerity and religious feeling. Cromwell saw that if the Parliament army was to be victorious it must not only be as fearless and as full of faith in its own cause as the Cavaliers were in theirs, but it must be as well trained as Charles's army—and, if possible, better trained.

He went to the eastern counties and gathered soldiers there, men specially picked for their courage, strength, horsemanship and religious feeling. He said: "A few honest men are better than numbers. If you choose good, honest men to be captains of horse, honest men will follow them." He trained his men in complete obedience, filled them with the desire to fight for freedom, Parliament and religion, combining the spiritual and the practical as in his famous order: "Trust in God, and keep your powder dry."

Then when they were ready he led them into battle, and on that day his army—the Ironsides as they came to be known—did not give way. For the first time the Cavaliers had been held.

Several battles were won by the Parliamentarians, and finally at Naseby, 1645, the king's forces were completely defeated.

Cromwell was now leader of the whole Parliamentary forces; the king's army was scattered and the king himself was in flight. Seeing that his cause was lost, he gave himself up, and was imprisoned in Carisbrooke Castle in the Isle of Wight. Finally he was brought to trial in London for having made war on his people and for being an enemy of his country. He was found guilty and sentenced to death. At his trial he behaved nobly and firmly, refusing to defend himself before a court which, he said, had no power to try him, and he received the death sentence with a calm courage.

Four days later, after a sad farewell to his younger children1 in St. James's Palace, he walked across St. James's Park through the snow to Whitehall and there, outside the palace, he was beheaded. Whatever may have been his faults in life, he bore himself like a real king in his last moments:

He nothing common did or mean

Upon that memorable scene,

But bowed hit comely head,

Down as upon a bed.

Cromwell now became ruler of England, not as king but as "Protector of the Commonwealth", and for ten years he ruled England firmly but well. He could be merciless—his treatment of Ireland is one of the blots on his character-—yet he loved mercy, and in an age that was bitter with religious intolerance he was nobly tolerant. " The State, in choosing men to serve it," Cromwell wrote before the battle of Marston Moor, '' takes no notice of their opinions. If they are willing, faithfully to serve it, that is enough." And from the field of Naseby, just after the victory, he wrote to the Speaker of the House of Commons: "Honest men served you faithfully in this action. Sir, they are trustworthy. I beg you in the name of God not to discourage them. He that risks his life for the liberty of his country, should have liberty of his conscience. In things of the mind we look for no compulsion but that of light and reason."1 It was he who really united England, Scotland and Ireland, who enforced justice and order at home and made England stronger and more respected abroad than she had ever been before in the whole of her history, and if he at times acted like a tyrant, he did it because in this, as in the execution of Charles, he saw that this nas the only means of bringing order and peace m England.

His rough, harsh nature, like his stern, harsh face, did not inspire affection—though under the rough outward appearance there was kindness—but his strength, his unshakable honesty and his sincere religion made him respected as one of the greatest Englishmen.

МИНИСТЕРСТВО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ И НАУКИ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ