- •The Subject Matter of Grammar
- •The Evolution of English Grammars
- •The XX th Century Linguistic Schools
- •Prague Linguistic School (Functional Linguistics)
- •American Descriptive Linguistics
- •Transformational and Transformational Generative Grammar
- •Semantic Syntax
- •Methods of Linguistic Analysis
- •Parsing (Traditional Syntactic Analysis)
- •The Oppositional Method
- •The Distributional method
- •The ic Method (method of immediate constituents)
- •The Transformational Method
- •The Method of Deep and Surface Structures
- •The Functional Sentence Perspective Method (fsp)
- •The Componential Method
- •The Contextual Method
- •The Levels of Language
- •The Morphological Structure of me
- •The Classifications of Morphemes
- •Paradigmatics and Syntagmatics
- •The Asymmetry of a Linguistic Sign
- •Parts of Speech Classifications of Parts of Speech.
- •Notionals and Functionals
- •Heterogeneity
- •Field and Periphery
- •Subcategorization
- •Onomaseological approach
- •The Noun The General Properties of a Noun
- •The Category of Gender.
- •The Category of Number
- •The Category of Case
- •Debated Problems within the Category of Case
- •Genitive Constructions (n’s n)
- •The Article Debated Problems
- •The Functions of Articles in a Sentence
- •The Verb The General Properties of a Verb
- •The Category of Tense
- •Classifications of Tenses
- •The Future Tense
- •The Present Tense
- •The Past Tense
- •The Future-in-the-Past Tense
- •The Category of Aspect
- •The Category of Time Relation (or Correlation)
- •The Category of Voice
- •The Category of Mood
- •The Indicative Mood
- •The Imperative Mood
- •The Subjunctive Mood
- •Points of Similarities with the Finites
- •Points of Differences with the Finites
- •Debated Problems within The Verbals
- •The Functions of Non-Finites
- •Types of Syntax
- •The theory of the phrase
- •Devices of Connecting Words in a Phrase
- •Debated Problems within the Theory of the Phrase
- •Classifications of Phrases
- •The theory of the simple sentence
- •The Definition of a Sentence
- •Syntactic Modelling of the Sentence
- •Semantic Modelling of the Sentence
- •The Notion of a Syntactic Paradigm
- •Structural Classification of Simple Sentences
- •Predicative Constructions Within a simple sentence we distinguish primary and secondary (independent/ dependent) elements, the structural nucleus and its adjuncts.
- •Syntactic Processes
- •The Principal Parts of a Simple Sentence
- •The Secondary Parts of a Simple Sentence
- •An Object
- •An Adverbial Modifier
- •An Attribute
- •Debated Problems within a Simple Sentence
- •A composite sentence
- •A Compound Sentence
- •I. The General Notion of a Complex Sentence.
- •2. The Status of the Subordinate Clause.
- •3.1. Classifications of Subordinate Clauses.
- •3.2. Types of Subordinate Clauses.
- •4. Connections between the Principal and the Subordinate Clause.
- •5. Neutralization between Subordination and Coordination.
- •6. The Character of the Subordinating Conjunction
- •7. Levels of Subordination
- •Syntactic Processes in the Complex Sentence.
- •9. Communicative Dynamism within a Composite Sentence( Compound and Complex) and a Supra-phrasal Unit.
The Classifications of Morphemes
A morpheme is the smallest meaningful ultimate unit which can’t be further analyzed into immediate constituents. Morphologically words are monomorphic and polymorphic (table; un ] [gent ] [ le ] [ man ] [ ly). A morpheme is an abstract unit comparable with a deep structure, which is unobservable. It realizes itself in allomorphs. The morpheme of plurality, for example, manifests itself in the following allomorphs: tables, crises, phenomena, children, knives, termini, formulae, sheer (a morphemic zero). When analyzing words morphologically, we roughly identify allomorphs with morphemes.
Morphemes are classified according to different criteria. According to meaning, morphemes are divided into lexical, grammatical and lexico-grammatical ones (table; table ] [ s; teach ] [ er). According to position, morphemes are divided into opening, and closing, internal and external. According to function, morphemes are divided into root, derivational (affixal) and inflexional. According to self-dependence, morphemes are divided into free (lexical), which build up words, bound (inflexional and derivational), which never occur in isolation, and semi-bound (word-morphemes), which look like words (be, have, shall, will, should, would), but function as inflexions.
The morphemic model of an English word is prefix – root – suffix – inflexion.
Paradigmatics and Syntagmatics
The domain of morphology is the paradigmatics of a word. Morphology studies the forms of words and their paradigms. A paradigm is a set of forms of a word (a boy-boys-a boy’s-boys’).The term “paradigm” is used to designate sets of forms on different linguistic levels . A paradigm on the lexico-semantic level is a set of primarily and secondarily nominative lexico-semantic variants of a word, which constitute its semantic structure (a head is the top part of your body; your mind; the leader or person in charge ; the top or front of something, etc.). On the level of word-building it is a set of derivatives (psyche-psychedelic-psychiatric-psychiatrist-psychiatry-psychic--psychoanalysis-psychoanalyst-psychoanalyze-psychological-psychologist-psychology-psychosis, etc.). On the syntactic level it is a set of transformations of kernel
sentences (I have a car-I had a car, I shall have a car-Do you have a car- I don’t have a car-my having a car-for me to have a car, etc.).
The domain of syntax is the syntagmatics of a word. A syntagm is a linear sequence of elements (He is a fine boy).
In a paradigm words are in paradigmatic relations, they have paradigmatic meanings which are constant, invariable, subject to no change. In a syntagm the once paradigmatic meanings are complicated by syntagmatic meanings which are variable, subject to contextual change. In the syntagm Lovely spring flowers under British bleak skies!( R. Aldington. Death of a Hero) the morpheme –s along with the paradigmatic meaning of plurality acquires contextual (syntagmatic) meanings of emotiveness, expressiveness, intensiveness, and evaluation.