- •Grammar as a part of language. Padadigmatic and syntagmatic units
- •2) Grammar as a linguistic discipline. Variants of grammar. Types of Grammatical analysis.
- •3) Division of Grammar. Morphology and syntax
- •4) Grammatical meaning, Grammatical form
- •5) Grammatical category. The notion of opposition as the basis of gram.Categories.
- •6) The word as the smallest naming unit and the main unit of morphology
- •7) Parts of speech. Different approaches to the classification of parts of speech.
- •8) Criteria for establishing parts of speech:semantic,formal.Notinal and functional p. Of s.
- •9) General characteristics of the noun. Morphological, semantic and syntactic properties of the noun. Gramatically relevant classes of nouns
- •10. Morphological categories of Noun (number, case)
- •11. Article in English. Number and meaning of articles. The problem
- •12. Adjective. Classes. Statives
- •13. The adverb. Classes. Degrees of comparison
- •§ 3. In accord with their word-building structure adverbs may be simple and derived.
- •§ 4. Adverbs are commonly divided into qualitative, quantitative and circumstantial.
- •14. Verb. Classification
- •15. The Category of Tense. Problem of future. Future in the past
- •16. The place of continuous forms in the system of the English verb. The category of aspect
- •17. The place of perfect forms in the system of the English verb. The category of order (phase, correlation)
- •18)The category of voice in English. General ch-tics. The problem of the number of voices.
- •19. The category of mood in English. General characteristics. The problems of Subjunctive.
- •20) Finite and non-finite forms of the verb. Category of representation
- •21) General ch-ics of syntax as a part of grammar
- •22)The problem of the definition of the phrase. Phrases and forms of word connection
- •23) General characteristics of the sentence. Predicativity. Predication.
- •24) Classification of sentences. Structural and communicative types of sentence.
- •25)The formal structure of sentences. The model of parts of the sentence
- •26)The Problems of the Object, the Attribute, the adverbial modifier
- •27) The distributional model of the sentence. The model of immediate constituents
- •28). The transformational model of the sentence
- •29. Functional sentence perspective. The theme and rheme
- •30. The Semantic structure of the sentence. General Overview of Semantic Syntax
- •Valency theory
- •Deep case theory
- •33. Compositional Syntax
- •34. Pragmatic approach to the study of language units. Basic notions of pragmatic linguistics.
- •35) The grammatical features of dialogues and communicative parts.
- •37.Utterances and Texts. Speech Act theory
- •38. Text linguistics. Grammatical aspects of the Text.
- •39. General characteristics of the composite sentence. The compound sentence
- •40. The Comlex Sentence. Principles of classification
10. Morphological categories of Noun (number, case)
The category of number is proper to count nouns only.
The grammatical category of number is the linguistic representation of the objective category of quantity. The number category is realized through the opposition of two form-classes: the plural form & the singular form. The category of number in English is restricted in its realization because of the dependent implicit grammatical meaning of countableness/uncountableness. The number category is realized only within subclass of countable nouns. Uncountable nouns can be singular OR plural. Subclasses of uncountablenouns constitute a lexical-grammatical opposition: singular only (snow, news) &plural only (contents, police).
The singular form may denote: oneness (individual separate object); generalization (the meaning of the whole class ); uncountableness - money, milk, gold).
The plural form may denote: the existence of several objects (cats); the inner discreteness (pluraliatantum: jeans, trousers).
To sum it up, all nouns may be subdivided into three groups:
The nouns in which the opposition of explicit discreteness/indiscreteness is expressed : cat::cats;
The nouns in which this opposition is not expressed explicitly but is revealed by syntactical and lexical correlation in the context. There are 2 groups here: Singulariatantum - covers different groups of nouns: proper names (Wales), abstract nouns (advice,knowledge), material nouns (gold), names of sciences (physics), names of diseases (measles), games (darts) Pluraliatantum - covers the names of objects consisting of several parts (jeans), collective nouns (clergy, police, the rich, the poor)& some other nouns(clothes, outskirts, contents, customs).
The nouns with homogenous number forms. The number opposition here is not expressed formally but is revealed only lexically and syntactically in the context:sheep
The category of case.
Case is a morphological category, which has a distinct syntactic significance as it expresses the relation of a word to another word in the word-group or sentence (my sister’s coat). The case category in English is realized through the opposition: The Common Case :: The Possessive Case (sister :: sister’s). Other meanings are expressed by word order & prepositions. In modern linguistics the term “genitive case” is used instead of the “possessive case” because the meanings rendered by the “`s” sign are not only those of possession. the Genitive Case is the following: Possessive Genitive : Mary’s father – Mary has a father,
Subjective Genitive: The doctor’s arrival – The doctor has arrived, Objective Genitive : The man’s release – The man was released, Adverbial Genitive : Two hour’s work – X worked for two hours, Equation Genitive : a mile’s distance – the distance is a mile, Genitive of destination: children’s books – books for children,Mixed Group: yesterday’s paper, Nick’s school, John’s word
. Different scholars stick to a different number of cases.
There are 2 cases. The Common one and The Genitive;
There are no cases at all, the form with `s is optional because the same relations may be expressed by the ‘of-phrase’: the doctor’s arrival – the arrival of the doctor;
There are 3 cases: the Nominative, the Genitive, the Objective due to the existence of objective pronouns me, him, whom;