- •Grammar as a part of language. Padadigmatic and syntagmatic units
- •2) Grammar as a linguistic discipline. Variants of grammar. Types of Grammatical analysis.
- •3) Division of Grammar. Morphology and syntax
- •4) Grammatical meaning, Grammatical form
- •5) Grammatical category. The notion of opposition as the basis of gram.Categories.
- •6) The word as the smallest naming unit and the main unit of morphology
- •7) Parts of speech. Different approaches to the classification of parts of speech.
- •8) Criteria for establishing parts of speech:semantic,formal.Notinal and functional p. Of s.
- •9) General characteristics of the noun. Morphological, semantic and syntactic properties of the noun. Gramatically relevant classes of nouns
- •10. Morphological categories of Noun (number, case)
- •11. Article in English. Number and meaning of articles. The problem
- •12. Adjective. Classes. Statives
- •13. The adverb. Classes. Degrees of comparison
- •§ 3. In accord with their word-building structure adverbs may be simple and derived.
- •§ 4. Adverbs are commonly divided into qualitative, quantitative and circumstantial.
- •14. Verb. Classification
- •15. The Category of Tense. Problem of future. Future in the past
- •16. The place of continuous forms in the system of the English verb. The category of aspect
- •17. The place of perfect forms in the system of the English verb. The category of order (phase, correlation)
- •18)The category of voice in English. General ch-tics. The problem of the number of voices.
- •19. The category of mood in English. General characteristics. The problems of Subjunctive.
- •20) Finite and non-finite forms of the verb. Category of representation
- •21) General ch-ics of syntax as a part of grammar
- •22)The problem of the definition of the phrase. Phrases and forms of word connection
- •23) General characteristics of the sentence. Predicativity. Predication.
- •24) Classification of sentences. Structural and communicative types of sentence.
- •25)The formal structure of sentences. The model of parts of the sentence
- •26)The Problems of the Object, the Attribute, the adverbial modifier
- •27) The distributional model of the sentence. The model of immediate constituents
- •28). The transformational model of the sentence
- •29. Functional sentence perspective. The theme and rheme
- •30. The Semantic structure of the sentence. General Overview of Semantic Syntax
- •Valency theory
- •Deep case theory
- •33. Compositional Syntax
- •34. Pragmatic approach to the study of language units. Basic notions of pragmatic linguistics.
- •35) The grammatical features of dialogues and communicative parts.
- •37.Utterances and Texts. Speech Act theory
- •38. Text linguistics. Grammatical aspects of the Text.
- •39. General characteristics of the composite sentence. The compound sentence
- •40. The Comlex Sentence. Principles of classification
5) Grammatical category. The notion of opposition as the basis of gram.Categories.
grammatical category is a general meaning realised through a formal and meaningful opposition of variants of one and the same unit and is obligatorily expressed by all units of the class. It means that a category consists of at least two forms. We shall call these forms of a unit opposed to each other categorical forms.woman’s represents two categorical forms – the Possessive Case and the Singular Number. This definition makes it possible to describe specific features by which we can recognise the grammatical category.
Every grammatical category must be represented by at least two forms.
Not a single categorical form can be found in all forms of a unit, because it must be opposed at least to one other categorical form of the same unit.
One grammatical form can represent several categorical forms belonging to different categories, example: the sentence THE DAY WAS NICE unites two categorical forms – Declarative (opposed to the Interrogative WAS THE DAY NICE?) and Neutral (opposed to the Exclamatory NICE WAS THE DAY!).
No grammatical form can represent two (or more) categorical forms of the same category simultaneously.
Every grammatical form of a unit represents at least one categorial form.
grammatical category shows one meaning more than there are members of the opposition constituting it. If we take the category of Number of Nouns, we have the meaning of the Singular, of the Plural and of Number.
Grammar is based on oppositions. In the system of language grammatical elements are connected on the basis of similarity and contrast.Any grammatical category must be represented by at least two grammatical forms). The relation between two grammatical forms differing in meaning and external signs is called opposition – book::books (unmarked member/marked member). e.g. the grammatical category of number is realized through the opposition singular::plural. ,Means of realization of grammatical categories may be synthetic (near – nearer) and analytic (beautiful – more beautiful). A minimal (two-member) opposition is called binary.
Oppositions may be of three main types:
privative: one member has a certain distinctive feature. This member is called 2)marked, or strong (+). The other member is characterized by the absence of this distinctive feature. This member is called unmarked, or weak (-): speak–– speaks+
2)equipollent: both members of the opposition are marked:am+ – is–
3)gradual: members of the opposition differ by the degree :good – better – best
Most grammatical oppositions are privative.
Grammatical forms express meanings of different categories. The form goes denotes present tense, 3rd person, singular number, indicative mood, active voice, etc.
But grammatical forms cannot express different meanings of the same category. So if a grammatical form has two or more meanings, they belong to different categories.
In certain contexts the difference between members of the opposition is lost, the opposition is reduced to one member. Usually the weak member acquires the meaning of the strong member: We leave for Moscow tomorrow.
This kind of oppositional reduction is called neutralization.
On the other hand, the strong member may be used in the context typical of the weak member. This use is stylistically marked: He is always complaining.
This kind of reduction is called transposition.