1cavalli_sforza_luigi_luca_genes_peoples_and_languages

Bantu peoples. 126. 153. 165-66. 170; genetic admixture of Pygmies and. 70; languages of. 117. 124. 137.143

barbarians. 5. 96. 125. 151. 184-85 Barbujani. Guido. 26

Basques. 112-13; 115. 129-30. 153. 184; endogamy among. 74, 113; language of, 113, 114, 120-21, 141-42,149,152,158,165; RH negative gene. among, 19, 21-22, 112

Bedouins. 194 Beja people. 122

Bell Curve. The (Hermstein and Murray). 189

Benerecetti. Silvana Santachiara, 113 Bengal Asiatic Society. 166 Bengston, John D .• 142-43

Berbers. 88. 122. 194

Bernoulli. Jacques. 21 Binet, Alfred, 189

Biological History of European Populations, 69

Black, Paul D .• 162

Blacks, 146; genetic admixture of Whites and, 74-75, 121. 122; IQ . scores of. 189-90

blood groups, 13-21.62

body type, influence of climate on, 11.123

Borneo.l7l

botanical classification. 28 Bowcock, A. M.• 75-76 Boyd. William, 16 Brahman caste, 128 Brahui.157

brain. human: culture and. 179; evolution of, 59; language and.

174-75,203.205 Brazil, 204 breastfeeding. 178

Broca's area, 175

Bronze Age. 34. 99

Bruno. Giordano. 4

Buffon. Georges Louis Leclerc. 28 Bulgaria, 21-22

Burkina Faso, 123, 169 Burma, 141

Burt, Cyril, 188-89 Burushaski, 142, 149, 152, 158 Bushmen, 11

Buzzati brothers. 18~ Byzantine Empire, 5. 125. 152

calibration curve, 78-79. 130-31; linguistic, 138

California. University of. at Berkeley, 78

Cambridge University. 36. 159 Cameroon, 123. 166. 169 Canary Islands. 122

Cann. Howard. 70 cannibalism, 179

Carthaginians,5 castes, 128

Catholic Church. 5-6. 181, 182-83 Caucasian language, 142 Caucasoids. 52, 145. 147. 161

cave paintings. 121

Celtic languages. 152, 162. 163, 165, 166

Celts. 5. 184

Center for the Study of Human Polymorphism (CEPH). 69

Central African Republic. 69. 70 ceramics, see pottery

Chad,l22

chance. evolutionary role of, see drift Charlemagne. 5

Charles VIII. king of France. 105 chimpanzees, 57, 59, 80, 81, 83; clas-

sification of objects by. 28

China, 132; agriculture in, 97, 99, 124: arrival of modern humans in, 62, 170: DNA research in, 69: genetic heterogeneity in, 29; imperial, 6: languages of, 140, 141,

146-47,171,172: trade between Europe and, 100-101

chromosomes, 19,34-,67,76: see also

X chromosomes. Y chromosomes chronology, genetic, 130-32 Chukchi languages, 140 classHlcation, usefulness of, 27-29 climate: 113, lIS: adaptive reactions

to, 11-12, 116: anthropometric characteristics and, 65, 66: food production and, 97

cloning, 13

Coerdoux (Jesuit priest), 166 cognates, 138

colonization, 54: global, by modem humans, 61~3: language and, 117

Columbus, Christopher, 43, 106 computers, 206-7

concerted cultural transmission, 184.

187,199

Congo-Saharan languages, 168

continents, genetic distances between, 37-38, 52--53

Cook. Captain James, 126 Copernicus (Leopardi), 3-5 Cosenza, University of, 113

craniometric data. 65

Cretan civilization, 120 critical periods, 191-94 CrO-Magnons, 141-42 cultural transmission, 101-3,

179r-207: biological adaptation and, 175-79: critical periOds in, 191-94: examples of, 187-91: language and, 150, 168, 174, 194-205: modes of, 1~7

Daic languages, 140 Dante, 3, 25-26

Darwin, Charles, 11,27,36,40,57,

1~8

Dausset, Jean, 69 Daza people, 122

demic diffusion, 101-3: genetic demonstration of, 104-13: language and, 113-24, 165

demographic expanSions, see expan- sions

dendrochronology, 130 Dene-Caucasian languages, 141, 142,

149, 157, 158 Dene-Sino-Caucasian languages,

171

deOxyribonucleic acid, see DNA DHPLC,l56

diasporas. see expansions diseases: genetic, 81, 83, 116, 154,

191-92: infectious, 43, 48, 50,106, 126, 179, 181-82

distance: genetic, see genetic distance: geographic.. 23-25: isolation by, 196-98

Divine Comedy, The (Dante), 25-26 D-loop,77-78

DNA, 19,51, 56, 88, 91, lOS: analysiS of variation in, 17-18; consensus sequence of, 139: drift and, 64: fossil, 34, 58: and genetiC dating, 131, 138: immortalization process for producing, ~: mitochondrial, see mitochondrial DNA: mutations in. see mutation; nucleotide sequences of, 67~8: polymorphisms in,.ee polymorphisms: racial differences and, 9: repetitive, 82'-85: tracking migrations through study of, 126

Dravidian languages, 140, 143, 152,

157,15~2

drift, 42-43, 50, 64, 105-7, 129, 154, 198, 206, branch length and,

73-15; cultural, 200-201, genetic diseases and, 116; linguistic, 201, natural selection and, 44-46, 49, during Paleolithic period, 95

Dutch, language, 133, southern Africa colonized by, 103, 124, 166

Dyen, Isidore, ~62, 163 dyslexias, 205

Easter Islanders, 73-74 Edwards, Anthony, 37, 86, 87 Egypt, ancient, agriculture in, 99,

incest in, 192 electrophoresis, 17

endogamy, 31, 74, 113, 128,202 England, 21-22; agriculture in, 99;

linguistic change in, 151-52; overseas empire of, 6, in World War I, 15

English language, 59, 114, 133, 162, 163, 183, 195, 202-5

environment: adaptation to, 10-13; interaction of heredity and, 16; mutation rates and, 85, nongenetic data and, 63-64; preferences for types of, 193-94

enzymes, restriction. 18 epidemics, 95, cultural, 181-82 Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), 68, 69 Eskimos, 74, language of, 134, 136,

140

Estonians, 116; language of, 114, 116 Ethiopians, 75, 137, 145-46 Etruscan language, 142, 158, 165 Eurasiatic languages, 140, 147, 157,

158,160

European Community, 69 Europeans, 9, 52, 79r-73, 76,143,

148; blood groups of, 16, 19-20,

104-Q; colonization by, 55; genetic admixture and, 75-77, 149; genetic homogeneity of, 23; languages of, 113-14,116-18,134,151-52, 154

(see also specifo; langu.ages tmd language families); mtDNA of, 50, 115; Paleoljthic, 112, 142; reproductive rate of, 206, skin color of, 10-11, thalassemia among, 47-48; see also specific countrias tmd 6thnicgroups

"Eve," African, 77-81, 84, 131 evolutionary mechanisms, 42-46 evolutionary rates, 49, 51, average,

constancy of, 52-53 evolutioruuy trees, see trees exogamy, 74

expansions, 99r-96, 107; agricultural, 96-101, 170, archeological record of, 111-12; Bantu, 165-66; genetiC chronology and, 130-32; language and, 155-82, level ofpopulation growth and, 102, 177; origins of, 127-30; outside Europe, 121-26

eyes, shape and color of, 11, 145

. "false friends," 133

family, cultural transmission in, 181,

184-88,198 famines, 95

farmers. see agriculture

Feldman, Marcus, lBO, 186 Finno-Ugric languages, 151 Finns, 114, 116-17, 154 Fisher, R. A., 22, 36, 102 fishing, nomadic, 171

fittest, survival of, see survival of the fittest

Flemish language, 133

food production, innovations in, 51; see also agriculture

foragers. sse hunter-gathe~rs

Fore tribe. 179

fossils. 33-34. 130; DNA in. 34-35. 58; of human ancestors. 57 .

founders' effect. 43. 105. 116.136. 201 Fracastoro. Girolamo. 106 .

France. 21-22; Basques in••ee Basques; family structures in. 184-85; in Holy Roman Empire. 5; Huns in. 76; IQ testing in. 189; Neolithic. 99; overseas empire of. 6: Paleolithic. 112; settlement of Quebec by. 103; syphilis in. 43. 105-6; in World War I. 15

Franks. 151. 184-'85

French language. 120. -133. 142. 151. 152. 162. 183. 195

Friedlander. Jonathan. 72 Fulani people. 121

Galileo.4

gene. definition of. 19 gene flow. see migration

Genethon. 83. 84

genetic admixture. 74--77.121.122. 149.206; language and. 145-46 genetic distance. 21-22. 37. 40. 95; and dates of arrival of modem humans Gn 'various continents,

61-63; geographic distance and.

23-25.87; methods of measuring.

66-67

genetic drift. 8.e drift

genetic "markers." .ee polymorphisms genotypes. 46. 48

geographic isolation. 73-74 geography, genetic. 23-27. 55. 82;

demic diffusion in. 104--13; isolation by distance in. 196-98; princi- pal components analysis and. 87. 90

German language. 204

Germanic languages. 133. 151. 162. 163. 165. 166

Gennany: family structure in, 185; in Holy Roman Empire. 5; Nazi. 128; Neolithic. 111-12

Gimbutal;. Matjia. 118. 159-62 glaciation. 75. 105; expansion follow-

ing. 113. 115. 170-71 glottochronology. 138. 150. 162 Gobineau. Joseph Arthur de. 12.

76

gorillas. 57. 59. 80. 81 Gothic language. 166 grammatical variation. 195 Great Vowel Shift. 201. 204

Greece. ancient. 5. 7. 55. 99. 126; colonization by. 119-20. 129

Greeklanguage. 163. 166.204 Greenberg. Joseph. 134. 136-40.

142. 157. 158. 160. 202 Grimm's Law. 204 Guanche language. 122 Guglielmo. Rosalba. 185 Gypsies. 194

Hadza people•. 153-54 Hagedoor effect. 201 Hagege. Claude. 202 Hammer. Michel. 158 Han dynasty. 124. 147 haplogroups. 156-58 hemoglobin. 78 herders. 53. 121-23. 128

heterozygote advantage. 46-49. 51 Hewlett. Sa.ny. 69. 82. 190 Heyerdahl. TIlor. 153

HieInaux. Jean. 123. 124 Hindnism. 128 Hir.ichfeld. Hanko. 14--15 Hir.ichfeld. Ludwik.14--15

historical research. prohlems of, 31...,'32

Hittites, 162, 163

HLA genes, 20, 50-51, 64, 59 Holy Roman Empire, 5-6 Homer, 120

Homo erectus, 58

Homo habills, 57--58, 174-75

Homo sapiens, 58, 59, 131 Hora!, Satoshi, 80

horizontal cultural transmission~

180-82, 186-87

Howells, William, 65

human chromosomes genetic linkage maps,69

Human Genome Diversity Project

(HGDP),59

Human Genome Project, 65 Hungarian language, 151 HungarianS, 114, 116 Huns, 76, 125, 172

hunter-gatherers, 53, 54, 92, 97, 98, 154, 191; expansions and, 115, 127-28,160,170; reproductive control among, 177; social structureof,182

Huntington's chorea, 191-92 Hunza people, 149

hybrid vigor, 47 hypergamy, 128

Iceland, 31, 74; linguistic inertia in, 202

immortalization. 68 immunoglobulins, 17,25,64 imprinting. 174, 192 inbreeding, 13, 30, 47

Inca Empire, 5 incest taboo, 192-93

India, 114, 125,156; agriculture in, 99, 121; Aryan invasion of, 152; cultural changes in, 183; DNA research in, 69; languages of. 128,

133, 140, 141, 143, 157, 160, 161,

163; marriage customs in, 192; sickle cell anemia in, 48

Indo-European languages, 114, 125, 134, 157-65, 194; Aryans and, 128, 152; Kurgan origin of, 118-19, 159-61; in Nostratic superfamily, 140; sound correspondence theory and, 138-39; west-to-east migration of, 172

Indo-Iranian languages, 163 Indonesia, 140

Indo-Pacinc languages, 141, 148, 155,171

Indus Valley civilization, 125 infectious diseases, 43, 48, 50, 106,

126, 179, 181-82 IQ,188-90

Iran, 114, 125, 128, 156; agriculture in, 99, 121; Aryan invasion of, 152; languages of, 156, 157, 159, 161

Isaac, Glynn, 60 isogloss, 196 isolates, 141-42, 158

isolation-by-distance theory, 198-98 Israel, 131; DNA research in, 69;

marriage practices in, 193 Italian language, 133, 142, 195, 204,

205

Italic languages, 162, 163

Italy: barbarian invasions of, 151; under Fascists, 163; Greek colo-

.nization of, 119, 120; in Holy Roman Empire, 5; Huns in, 76, 172; marriage in, 54; Neolithic, 99; syphilis in, 43, 106; thalassemia in, 47-48

Japan, 132, 156; ceramics in, 97-98, 100, 125-26; languages of, 140, 171

Japanese, 124; in California, 70, IQ scores of, 190; mtDNA of, 80

Jayakar, SUl'esh, 193

Jensen, Arthur, 189

Jews, 12; endogamy among, 74 Jones, William, 166

Kamin, Leon, 189 Karelian language, 114 Kenya,lSB

Ket language, 158 Khoi-Khoi people, 137

Khoisan languages, 124, 137, 141, 153, 155, Hi.'5, 168

kibbutzim, 193 Kidd, Judy, 69 Kidd, Ken, 69

Kimura, Motoo, 23, 43, 201 Klein, Richard, 58, 131 Kordofan languages, 168 Koreans. 124, 156 Kroeber, Karl, 134

Kruskal, Joseph B., 162, 163 Kurgan culture, 118, 125, 129,

159-63 kuru, 179

lactose, ability to digest, 45-46 Langaney, Andre, 70

language(s), 133-72; classification of, 28, 134, 136-41; critical period for learning, 192; and cultural transmission, 150, 168, 174, 194-205; Darwin on, 166-67; development of, 59-60, 93; distribution of,

113-25; emotional colOring of,

178-79; endogamy and, 113; families of, comparison with genetic tree, 143-49; hypothetical model of evolutionary history of, 168-72;

and interpretation of human expanSions, 155-58; number of, 30; similarity between evolution of genes and, 149-55

Laos, 140 Lapps, see Saami

Latin, 114, 152, 163, 166,203,204; modern languages derived from, 133, 137, 138, 142, 195,202

"law of large numbers," 20-21 Le Bras, Herve, 184-85 Leibniz, Gottfried, 175 Leopardi, Giacomo, 3-5

Le Play, Fredericq, 184

Levi-Strauss, Claude, 7 lexical diffusion, 203-5 LiJin,156

"linear" analysis, 112

linguistic evolution. see languages linkage analysis, 76

Linnaeus, Carolus, 28 Lombards, 151 .

Louis XIV, king of France, 103

Macedonia,99, 100, 119 Madagascar, 140, 152 Magna Graecia, 119 Magyars, 114, 151

Mahabharata, 157 Mail', Victor, 101 malaria, 48-49, 51, 126

Malaya-Polynesians: languages of, 140, 152; migrations of, 126

MalaYSia, 140 MaIecot, Gustave, 23 Mali, 123, 169 ManchUrians, 124 Mandenka people. 70

marriage, 74, 150, 153, 202; forms of, 183; hypergamic, 128; migration and, 53, 54, 82; of siblings, 192

mass migrations, 54 mathematics. 4-5. 175

mattices. spectral analysis of. 112 maximum likelihood. 41. 66-07 maximum parsimony.. 67

Mbuti Pygmies. 70. 88 medical genetics, see diseases,

genetic

Mehdi. Qasim. 149 Melanesians. 72. 140. 143. 148.

152--53

Mendelian inheritance. 177. 198

Mennonites. 70

Menozzi. Paolo. 23. 87. 109. 167 Mesolithic peliod. 112. 129. 160 Mexico. 126; agriculture in. 97. 98 Miao-Yao languages. 140

Micronesians. 152

microsatellites. 82-85. 131 Middle Age~. 5. 96. 100

migration. 8. 36-37. 42. 52. 53. 76. 82. 198; climatic influences on. 65; demic diffusion and. 101-4. 107. 112; of early humans. 58--61; genetic admixture and. 74-76. 206; genetic homogeneity and. 23--24; language and. 36. 155-56. 172. 196--97.202-3; levels of. 49-50. 53--6; obstacles to. 26; population expansions and. 92-93. 95-96. 124--25. 127-29

military power. 127. 128 Mincll. Eric. 89

Ming dynasty. 6

minimum evolution trees, 67-77

Mitanni people. 162 mitocl1ondrlal DNA (mtDNA).

34-35. 100. 113. 115. 127. 181; of African "Eve," 77-80

MN blood group system. 16 molecular clock, 78. 83. 138 Mon-Khmer languages. 140

monarchies. hereditary. 177 Mongols. 6. 11.24. 101. 125. 146.

147. 158. 172 Morocco. 132

Moroni. Antonio, 23 morphology. skeletal. 34 Morton. N~n. 23 Mountain. Joanna. 167 Mourant. Arthur. 16 Moustelian tools. 131 Mozambique. 117

multidimensional scaling. 87-90. 162

multidiSciplinary approacll. 32 Munda languages. 140 Murdock. G. P.• 185

mutation. 17.42.67.70. 126. 149--50. 198. 206; cultural. 176. 182; linguistic. 196-97. 199-201; in microsatellites. 82-85. 131; in mtDNA. 77-79; rates of. 50; natural selection and. 45. 46; of RH gene, 19; transmission of. 68; in Y chromosomes. 81-82. 158

Na-Dene languages. 134. 136. 141-43.158.171

Namibia. 166

Napoleon I. 6 Nasidze. 1. S.• 117

National Institutes of Health. 69 national pride. 6

National Science Foundation. 69 Native Americans. 23. 72. 153; blood

group(s) of. 15. 19. 42. 43. 104; genetic admixture of Blacks and. 74-75; genetic distance between Asians and. 37-38. 63; HLA genes in. 50-51; languages of. 134.

136-37.143.147.172; maniage practices of. 82

natural selection, 12,20,42-46,49,

,63-64, lOS, 106, 176: branch length and, 73: by climate, 66: culture and, 178, 179: and redUCtion in pre-reproductive mortafity,

205-6

Navajo language, 134: see aJ..o NaDene languages

navigation, 60-61, 93: Neolithic, 99 Nazis, 128

Neandertals, 35-36, 58-59, 62, 78, 131,174

Negritos, 171

Nei, Masatoshi. 22, 148 neighbor joining, 67, 148

Neolithic period, 93, 96, lOS, 106, 121, 149: expansions during. 95, 97,99-100, 103, 107, 111-12,

122-24.15~,166.170,171,177

Nepal. 141

Netherlands: overseas empire of, 6: see also Dutch

New GUineans, 40, 65. 72, 126, 134, 170, 179: languages of. 141, 147, 148. 152-53. 155, 171

New York TImes, The, 111 Newton, Isaac, 175 Niger-Congo languages, 168

Niger-Kordofanian languages, 124, 137,143, 168

Nigeria, 123, 166, 169 Nilo-Saharan languages, 137, 141,

165, 168, 170

Nilotic languages, 123, 124 nomads, 125. 194: forager, .ee

hunter-gatherers: pastoral, 53, 121-23,128,161

Normans, 152

North Caucasian languages, 141, 142

Norwegians, 202

Nostratic languages, 140-42, 147, 158

Nubans,l22

nuclear family, 184-S5

oblique cultural transmission, 181 Oefner, Peter, 81, 132, 156 ·Oet2i," 34-36

orangutans, 57, 80, 81 organ transplants, 20 outcrossing,47 overpopulation, 55 Oxford University, 113

Paabo, Svante, 34

Paldstan, 125, 149: agriculture in, 99: Aryan invasion of, 152: DNA research in, 69: languages of, 157, 158, 160, 161

paleoanthropology, 33 paleogenetics, 34

Paleolithic period, 92-93,106-7, 111, 112,207: Basque region during, 121: China during"124: cultures of, 60: expansions dUring, 95-97: languages of, 142, 143: reproductive control during,

177-78

Papacy, ,5-6, 182-S3 Parma, University of, 36 Passarino, Giuseppe, 113

pastoral nomads, 53, 121-23, 128, 161

patriOl"chy, 184 Pauling, Linus, 78

Pavia, University of, 113 Persia, ancient, 192 Petrarch,3

Peulh people, 121

genetic distances hetweeo, 21-22,

37; genetic variatiOns between.

15-18,49-52; geogmphic distances between, 23-25; isolated, 150; living, and reconstruction of history of evolution, 33; neighboring, genetic exchange with, 12; size of, chift and, 42-44, 116, 129,206

Portugal. overseas empire of, 6

Portuguese language, 117, 133, 204 pottery, 97-98, 125-26; "linear: 100,

112; Saha.-an, 98, 122 primogeniture, 183

principal component (PC) analysiS, 86-87,107-12,129,130, 162; of language distribution, 113-21, 156-57, 169, 172

pronunciation, 198,201

proteins, polymorphic, ••• polymorphisms

and, 8-9; German, 76; sources of, 7-8; visible and hidden variation and, 9-13

radiocarbon dating, 85, 99, 100, 109,

130 .e. random genetic chift, chift

refogUz, 152, 158 regional accents, 195

religiOUS beliefs: in America,

20(}"'201; transmission of, 188, 190,192

Rendine, Sabina, III

Renfrew, Colin, 103, 118, 159-62 reproductive control, 177-78 restriction analysis, 18,68-70,72 reward centers, in brain, 179

RH blood group system, 16; ••• also blood groups

RH gene, 16, 19-21,67; geographic distribution of, 104-6

Roman Empire, 5, 96, 100, 114, 120, 125, 203; British Isles in, 151, 152

Romance languages, 133, 137, 138, 151,202

Romania, 119 Romanian language, 133

Ruhlen, Merritt, 134, 139-40, 142,

168

Russia: languages of, 145; overseas empireof,6

Saami, 146, 154; language of,

114-17, 145; RH negative gene among, 21-22

Sahara,98, 121-23

Saitou, Naruya,l48 San ;people, 137

Sandawe people, 153-54 Sanskrit, 128, 133, 166,204 Sapir, Edward, 134, 141,201 Sardinia, 74, 203

Sassetti, Filippo, 166

Scandinavia, 145; languages of, 163 Schleicher, August, 163, 166, 194,

196,198

Schmidt; Johannes, 196-98 Scythians, 125

Seielstad, Mark, 81

selection: biolOgical, see natural selection; linguistic. 174. 198, 201-2

self-alienation, 8 semantic variation~ 195

Semino, Omelia, 113 Semitic languages, 137, 140 Senegal, 15, 123

Sephardi Jews, 12 sex differences, 127 sexual selection, 11 sexual taboos, 178

Sforza, Francesco, 200 Shevoroshkin, Vitaly,140

Siberia, 10, 11, 132; land bridge connecting Alaska and, 38; languages of, 145, 151, 158, 171

sickle cell anemia, 47, 48, 126 Silk Road, 100

Sino-TIbetan languages, 141, 142, 146-47,158

skeletal morphology, 34

skin color, 75. 145; environmental iniluences on, 10-11,65

slang. 202

Slavic languages, 133,151 social groups, 30-32

social pressure, 184, 185, 191 Sokal, Rnbert, 26. 110

South Caucasian languages, 140 Southeast Asians, 147. 148. 156; lan-

guages of, 140. 141. 157. 171 southern Africa: Dutch in. 103. 124.

166; languages of. 165 Spain: Basques in, see Basques;

Canary Islands conquered by, 122; in Holy Roman Empire, 5; overseas empire of, 6; Paleolithic. 112; syphilis in, 43, 105-6

Spanish language, 59, 114, 133, 183 species, definition of, 36

spectral analysiS of matrices. 112 Stanford University, 113. 132, 134,

180.193-94

Starostin, Sergei, 141, 158 statistical error, 38, 40 stuttering, 82-S5

Sudan, 122

Sumerian language, 142, 158 survival of the fittest, 43, 46 "survival of the luckiest" (Kimura),

43

Sutter, Jean, 23