- •Phonetics as a Branch of Linguistics Four Branches of Phonetics
- •Daughter - d:tə
- •The plural suffix
- •Branches of Phonetics
- •Modern functional Phonetics
- •This inability to select the right allophone betrays a foreign accent. Abstractional and Generalized aspect
- •[Ph] – aspirated
- •National varieties of the English language
- •Standards in pronunciation
- •English dialects
- •Received pronunciation
- •Often – [fən] and [ftən]
- •Liverpool accent has a great popularity now (because of association with the Beatles)
- •Cockney accent (uneducated English people accent)
- •[P, t, k] are heavily aspirated
- •[P, t, k] between vowels are accompanied by glottal stops
- •Standard Scottish pronunciation
- •Initial [p,t,k] are usually non-aspirated]
- •American English Pronunciation
- •The peculiarities:
- •Intervocalic [t] consonant is most normally may be voiced. The result is neutralization of the distinction between voiceless [t] and voiced [d]
- •In some words [t] may be omit (dropped out)
- •In ga [] is used in most words in which the letter “a” is followed by a consonant except “r” (in rp [α:] is used)
- •In the words “long” and “strong” [] is labialized.
- •In words of French origin ga tends to have stress on the final syllable
- •Intonation differences:
- •Modifications of sounds in connected speech
- •Locked – [lokt]
- •The initial (начальная) [w,k,g] may be dropped
- •The medial sounds are dropped [t,d] in a cluster of three consonants
- •The final [b] is dropped in the cluster [mb]
- •The syllabic structure of English
- •Principal theories of syllable formation and division
- •Functional characteristics of syllables
- •Вздрогнуть, вскрикнуть, кстати
- •Extra – ['ekstr] – 2 syllables
- •Standing – ['stndi] – 2 syllables
- •Science – ['sai-ns], flower – [fla-]
- •Come – 1 syllable, family – 3 syllables, unintelligibility – 8 syllables) Functional characteristics of a syllable
- •The linguistic and acoustic nature of word stress
- •Types and degrees of the word stress
- •Functional approach to word stress
- •Intonation
- •The concept of intonation in our country and abroad
- •Anatomy (тщательный анализ) of an English intonation group (pattern)
- •Functional approach to intonation
- •It’s summer
- •I don’t know high pre-head
- •I saw my friend yesterday.
- •Ex: ΄How ΄do you ΄think we ΄ought to start?
- •Ex: ΄How do you think we ought to start?
- •Ex: I don’t know what to-o-o say.
- •Phonostylistics
- •Verbal “fillers”
- •Repetition
- •Introductory fillers
- •Introductory fillers
- •I think | this is a grow intendancy among the teenagers.
- •I would agree with you | except for one thing
- •I have an impression | that there are some people who will approve it differently
- •It undoubtedly | -er- presents –er- a huge problem.
- •I think, I guess, perhaps, obviously, clearly
- •I think it’s true to say that …
- •Rhythm as a linguistic notion. The concept of rhythm
- •Sentence stress
- •Rhythm as an effective means of speech expressiveness
- •Come and see me tomorrow. Read and retell text 5.
- •They painted the table pale grey Come and see me tomorrow That’s the very man who had a felt hat on
- •Voilitional function of rhythm
- •Угол – уголь
Liverpool accent has a great popularity now (because of association with the Beatles)
The advanced RP mostly reflects typical changes in pronunciation. Some of its features may be results of temporary fashion, but some of them are adopt as a norm.
RP is considered to be teaching norm in many countries, including Russia because of:
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The degree of understandability of RP
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The extend of RP investigation
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The number of textbooks and audio-visual aids
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The fact that RP is compared with the pronunciation of the language and described in text books.
When we speak that RP is regionless we cannot tell from which area of Britain the speaker comes from. All the English-speaking nations have their own standard of pronunciation, which may have educated regional and uneducated local types of pronunciation.
Cockney accent (uneducated English people accent)
It is the speech of working class areas. The brightest example – the film “My fair lady”.
Vowels:
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[][i]
Blood - [bld][blid]
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[][] or [i]
Bag – [bg][bg] or [big]
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[i] in the final position sounds as [i:]
City – [siti] [siti:]
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[:] in the final position sounds as [:ə]
Paw - [p:] [p:ə]
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[ei] [i] or [αi]
Lady - [leidi] [lidi:] or [lαidi:]
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[] []
Note - [nt] [nt]
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[α] [ə]
Now - [nα] [nə]
Consonants:
-
The contrast between [] and [f] is lost
Thin – [in] [fin]
Booth - [bu:] [bu:f]
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[] [v]
Weather – [weə] [wevə]
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[] in the beginning is dropped (исчезает) or turns into [d]
This – [is] [is] or [dis]
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[] [n] or [ink] in the word final position
Dancing - [dα:nsi] [dα:nsin]
Something – [smi] [smfink]
Nothing - [ni] [nfink]
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[P, t, k] are heavily aspirated
Actually they may be distinguished the cultivated region types. So in the British Isles there are 3 main types:
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Southern English Pronunciation (RP)
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Northern English Pronunciation (between Birghminham and border of Scotland)
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The standard Scottish pronunciation
So the influence of Scotch accent is very noticeable. By the way, northern type of English Pronunciation represents the earlier type.
Newcastle accent differs in the following:
-
[][]
Love - [lv][lv]
Cup - [kp][kp]
Much
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[i][i:]
City - [siti][siti:]
-
[α:] []
Dance - [dα:ns] [dns]
Chance
Answer
Aunt
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[ei] [e:]
Plate - [pleit] [ple:t]
May - [mei] [me:]
Take - [teik] [te:k]
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Words that have “al” in spelling [α:]
Talk - [tα:k]
Call - [kα:l]
All - [α:l]
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[:][:]
First - [f:st][f:st] first – forced become homonyms
Shirt - [:t][ :t] shirt – short (омонимы)
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[α] []
About - [ebαt] [ebt]
-
[] [α]
Back - [bk] [bαk]
Bad - [bd] [bαd]
Man - [mn] [mαn]
Consonants:
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“ing” [in]
Shilling – [ili] [ilin]
Dancing - [dα:nsi] [dnsin]