Current Research. Results and Conclusion.

Active vocabulary.

1. results/ findings/ data/ observations.

2. comprehensive/ extensive

3. detailed

4. remarkable/ couraging/ convincing

5. preliminary

6. to collect/ to get/ to receive/ to obtain data

7. to treat the problem

8. to succeed in/ to make progress in/ to be a success

9. to fail (in)

10. to be similar to/ to be the same as

11. to be consistent with/ to coincide

12. to support/ to provide support

13. to reach an understanding/ to come to an understanding

14. to conclude/ to make conclusions.

Ex. 1. Translate the following sentences.

1. During the last several years we have witnessed remarkable progress in the space research techniques.

2. The idea of direct probing of the universe has become a popular one.

3. Recent experiments concerning these phenomena have focused considerable attention on getting reliable data.

4. In recent years electron microscopy has revealed a lot of important details in the structure of microorganisms.

5. We have recently attempted a study of the feed – back mechanism and have found some direct evidence against that widely spread conception.

6. In recent years a considerable number of works have appeared on various problems of elementary particle physics.

7. During the last several years there has been some criticism of this approach to classification of protozoan organisms.

Ex. 2. Answer the following questions with statements in the present perfect.

Teacher: Why doesn’t he answer your question?

Student: But he has already answered it.

1. Why doesn’t she send you a copy of her paper?

2. Why doesn’t your scientific superviser give you advice on the matter?

3. Why don’t you take up another problem?

4. Why doesn’t he show you his results of the experiment?

5. Why don’t they read my article?

6. Why don’t you write to the editor of this journal?

7. Why doesn’t he collect statistical information?

Ex. 3. Listen to the statements in the past indefinite. Make similar statements in the present perfect using a suitable time expression: this time, today, this week, this month, this year.

Teacher: Last year Dr.Write wrote one paper.

Student: This year he has written two papers.

1. Last time she visited one of scientific laboratories.

2. A year ago he paid two visits to his colleagues.

3. Last month the head of the department was on a business trip in Great Britain.

4. She was very busy working at her thesis a year ago.

5. The scientist recommended to facilitate the experiments of atomic collision at the last conference.

6. He solved some of his problems at the last meeting with scientific supervisor.

7. She devoted much time to collecting statistical information last month.

Ex. 4. Say what you have done recently, latel, this year and this week.

Student: I have lately been busy writing my thesis. I have completed it this year. This week I have written a paper on thermonuclear reactions.

Ex. 5. Add a suitable expression of time: during (in) the past few years; during (in) the last decade, in recent years, lately.

Teacher: Physics has made great progress.

Student: Physics has made great progress during the last few decades.

1. This laboratory has become a large research centre.

2. We have witnessed great progress in space research.

3. The statistical methods have won general recognition.

4. Progress in high – energy physics has given rise to a lot of popular books and articles.

5. The intensive research has culminated in a few important discoveries.

6. We have undertaken some interesting studies.

7. They have experienced some shortage of high – precision instruments.

8. This international commission has held a number of important meetings.

9. He has considerably improved the conditions for research.

Ex. 6. Say what your friend has achieved since the time indicated in the following statements. Use since then or since that time.

Teacher: Your friend took a Bachelor degree in 2009.

Student: He has become a highly qualified specialist since then.

1. He introduced some new measuring instruments a year ago.

2. We published some papers on that problem in the journal.

3. He first made the report at international conference in 2005.

4. They did their first independent research at the institute.

5. She came to your laboratory three years ago.

6. He took an English course last year.

7. Your friend began to collect books on his speciality many years ago.

Ex. 7. Say what you have achieved since an important event in your scientific career.

Student 1st: I published my first scientific paper five years ago. Since that time and have published twelve other papers.

2nd: I first attended an international conference on plasma physics in 2005. I have participated in several conferences since then.

Ex. 8. Combine the two sentences with “since”.

Teacher: I came to work at this institute several years ago. I have published eight papers since.

Student: I have published eight papers since I came to work at this institute.

1. We suggested this method two years ago. The method has undergone several modifications since.

2. They first observed this effect in 2003. They have made good progress in studying it since.

3. I started writing this book two years ago. I have written half of it since.

4. He first met Dr.Write a year ago. He has seen him several times since.

5. We held our first scientific seminar fine years ago. We have had such seminars regularly since.

6. They first paid attention to this problem a year ago. They have discussed it several times since.

7. Russian scientists first launched the satellite in 1957. They have accumulated much new information on solar radiation since.

Ex. 9. Take any important event in your life as a scientist and say what you have achieved since then. Make two statements connected with since.

Student 1st: I have learned a lot since I first came to work at the laboratory of plasma physics.

2nd: I have made good progress in the study of plasma since I began to work with these scientists.

Ex. 10. Change the following statements in such a way as to show the duration of the situation. Use the expressions of time: for a few years now, for many years, to some time now, for a long time, so far, until now.

Teacher: They live in London now.

Student: They have lived in London for a few years now.

1. Prof. Brown is president of this society.

2. The meetings of this society are regular.

3. These investigations are fruitless.

4. I know Dr. Johnson.

5. I often hear about him.

6. He wants to meet you.

7. The conditions for work are satisfactory.

8. Their studies are very intensive.

Ex. 11. Make the following statements negative with “never”.

Teacher: I have been to England.

Student: I have never been to England.

1. We have often used this method.

2. They have always started work at 9.30 a.m.

3. He has forgotten about his appointments many times.

4. I have attented international conferences.

5. We have always had these seminars on Friday.

6. He has often spoken to him.

7. I have met Dr. White twice.

8. He has seen him lately.

9. We have often had visitors from other countries.

Ex. 12. Express a similar idea with “not”.

Teacher: I have failed to find the error.

Student: I haven’t found the error.

1. He has failed to find the interpretation of this effect.

2. I have failed to understand the theory.

3. We have failed to confirm the results.

4. They have failed to resolve this difficulty.

5. They have failed to calculate the energy losses.

6. He has failed to observe any difference between the readings.

7. We have failed to see any advantage of this method over the other one.

8. They have failed to show the independence of these mechanisms.

9. She has failed to deduce such a formula.

Ex. 13. Change the following statements into the present perfect negative with “yet”.

Teacher: I am going to complete this experiment.

Student: I haven’t completed this experiment yet.

1. He is going to calculate the energy losses.

2. She is going to use these data for the experiment.

3. We are going to review the data.

4. I am going to read the paper once more.

5. He is going to write his thesis.

6. They are going to send us reprints of their papers.

7. We are going to try this approach.

8. Mr. Brown is going to try this installation.

9. The head of the laboratory is going to look through the program.

10. He is going to introduce the results of the experiment.

Ex. 14. Add an appropriate tail question to the statements and give a short reply.

Teacher: You have read my recent paper.

Student 1st: You have read my recent paper, haven’t you?

2nd; No, I haven’t.

Teacher: You haven’t written your doctoral thesis yet.

Student 3rd; You haven’t written your doctoral thesis yet, have you?

4th: Yes, I have.

1. You have read the program of the seminar.

2. The results of the recent experiments have made a great impression on you.

3. You have never been to Oxford University.

4. Plasma physics has made great progress lately.

5. They have not been abroad.

6. She has published three papers.

7. I have recently written a monograph.

8. They have not worked for a long time in this field of research.

9. Scientists have analysed much of the data in various fields of physics in terms of the quantum theory.

10. The studies described in this paper have become classical ones.

Ex. 15. Ask and answer the following questions.

Teacher: Ask another student if he has ever written any scientific articles.

Students 1st: Have you ever written any scientific article?

2nd: No, but I think of writing a scientific article.

1. Ask another student if he has ever heard of the latest discoveries in his field of research.

2. … if his research has been successful.

3. … if he has ever thought of changing his occupation.

4. … if she has read many books on her speciality.

5. … if he has worked much lately.

6. … if she has ever been to English speaking countries.

7. … if he has had any difficulties in his work.

Ex. 16. Ask your fellow students a few questions about their achievements in research. Do this with general and tail questions.

Student 1st: Have you finished writing your paper on superconductivity?

2nd: No, but I am going to do this next year.

3rd: You have completed your experiments on light scattering, haven’t you?

4th: No, I think they will take one more year.

Ex. 17. Answer the following questions.

Teacher: How long have you worked in this research institute?

Students: Over ten years.

1. Why have you become a physicist?

2. How often have you been away to other scientific laboratories?

3. What difficulties have you had in your work lately?

4. What results of your experiments have you published recently?

5. Why have you chosen this very field of investigation?

6. What literature on your speciality have you read this year?

7. Why have you decided to choose this theme for your thesis?

8. Whom have you consulted with on the problems of your research?

9. What well – known scientists in your field of research have you heard about?

Ex. 18. Ask and answer the following questions.

Teacher: Ask another student how long he has worked on the theme of his thesis.

Student 1st: How long have you worked on the theme of your thesis?

2nd: For about two years.

1. Ask another student what he has achieved since his first steps in research.

2. … what international conferences he has attended.

3. … what results she has obtained from her recent work.

4. … how often he has had the department seminars.

5. … what considerable progress your friend has made in the field of his research.

6. … what new data he has received during his last experiment.

7. … what serious drawbacks she has noticed in the last article.

Ex. 19. Ask your fellow students a few questions about their scientific activities and results. Use various types of questions in the present perfect.

Student 1st: What result have you obtained from the experiment you told us about last month?

2nd: I have failed with it completely. Now I am preparing for a similar experiment.

3rd: Why have you failed with it?

2nd: I am going to make it clear soon.

Ex. 20. Answer the questions:

1. Have you already obtained any research results?

2. Has your research been successful?

3. Have you succeeded in receiving extensive data?

4. Do your research data correspond with the theory you follow?

5. Do your results coincide with those obtained by other researchers?

6. Are the data you have obtained sufficient to formulate your final conclusion?

7. What conclusions have you come to?

Ex. 21. Complete the sentences which contain the words from the Active Vocabulary Section. Speak about your research results and conclusions.

1. The research has been under way for a year and I’ve got … .

2. The results we have … so far cannot be used to … .

3. Unfortunately, we have failed to … but succeeded in … .

4. As a result of numerous experiments performed we have obtained sufficient data to … .

5. We have come to the conclusion that … .

Ex. 22. Act out the situations.

Situation I. Suppose one of the Students is visiting a British or American research laboratory. He is very much interested in the recent research work of his foreign colleagues. The other students answer his questions.

Situation II. How the same student answers the questions of his foreign colleagues who are eager to know about the recent work in this field in Russia.

Ex. 23. Written Practice.

Suppose you have to write a paper on your recent work. Write an introduction, in which you must give the statement of the problem to be considered and a brief review of the latest developments in this particular field.

Text 1.

Ex. 1. Read the text.

The Internet.

The Internet is now a household term in many countries and has become a part of life for most of the business world. With millions of people connecting to the World Wide Web, computer networking has moved to the status of TV sets and microwave ovens. The Internet has usually high media coverage, with weblogs often “scooping” traditional media outlets for new stories, while virtual reality environments such as online games and the rest have developed into the “Internet culture”.

Of course, networking has been around for a long time. Connecting computers to form local area networks has been common practice, even at small installations, and so have long – haul links using transmission lines provided by telecommunication companies. A rapidly growing conglomerate of worldwide networks has, however, made joining the global village a perfectly reasonable option for nearly everyone with access to a computer. Setting up a broadband Internet host with fast mail and web access is becoming more and more affordable.

Talking about computer networks often means talking about Unix. Of course, Unix is not the only operating system with network capabilities. It has been in the networking business for a long time and will surely continue to be for some time to come. What makes Unix particularly interesting to private users is that there has been much activity to bring free Unix – like operating systems to the PC, such as Linux and some others.

Linux is a freely distributable Unix clone for personal computers that currently runs on a variety of machines.

Ex. 2. Formulate the main idea of the text.

Ex. 3. Translate the text into Russian in written form.

Text 2.

Ex. 1. Read the text.

Scientific and Technological Infrastructure.

It is important to recognize that “nanoscale” science and technology is not a stand alone field, but rather general area that has a critical impact and overlap in many areas of science and technology. The fields, disciplines and areas of expertise that fall under the nanotechnology umbrella are many and diverse. This diversity offers both an opportunity and a challenge to the scientific, technological, educational and funding communities.

Many of the tools and instruments necessary for nanotechnology research are state–of–the–art, very expensive and inaccessible to a large fraction of researchers. Progress is most apparent in this field within collaborative undertakings that combine complementary equipment and skills. A single researcher cannot do it all in this particular field. Mechanisms are necessary. These mechanisms will provide researchers with easy access to the tools or expertise they require. One approach is to establish centers around core facilities such as universities and government laboratories.

Ex. 2. Indicate whether you find the headline informative enough.

Ex. 3. Look through the text and headline every paragraph.

Ex. 4. Answer the questions to the text.

1. What field is nanoscale science and technology?

2. What are the fields, disciplines and areas of expertise that fall under the nanotechnology area?

3. What does this diversity offer?

4. What can you say about the tools and instruments necessary for nanotechnology research?

5. What is necessary to have progress in the field of nanotechnology?

6. What are the possibilities of a single researcher?

7. What will mechanisms frovide the researchers with?

Ex. 5. Translate the text into Russian.

Lesson 6

Present Continuous (ACTIVE VOICE)

Утвердительная форма	Вопросительная форма	Отрицательная форма
I - am He She is it working We you are They	Am I He Is She it reading? we Are you they	I am He She is It not We reading. You are They