Past Indefinite (Regular Verbs) Active Voice

Утвердительная форма		Вопросительная форма			Отрицательная форма
I He She It We You They	worked	Did	I he she it we you they	work?	I He She It We You They		did not	work

Research Problem

Active Vocabulary

1. to arise from

2. to be the subject of particular / special interest

3. to be studied thoroughly / extensively.

4. to be concerned with / to be engaged in the problem of

5. to deal with

6. to be interested in

7. to be of great significance / value / use

8. to work on the problem

9. a lot of / liffle / no literature is available on the problem

10. the reason for the interest in the problem is … .

Pattern Practice

Ex.1. Put the following verbs in the past simple tense.

Teacher: to discover.

Student: discovered.

 t  – to finish, to express, to discuss, to fix, to ask, to reach, to develop, to reduce, to advance, to introduce;

 d  – to organize, to realize, to open, to raise, to review, to sponsor, to outline, to propose, to consider, to summarize.

 id  – to conclude, to formulate, to illustrate, to provide, to include, to present, to select, to report, to adopt, to accept.

Ex.2. Complete the sentences with a suitable past-time expression from the list below.

Teacher: I started to work at the Institute …

Student: I started to work at the Institute in September, 1990.

1. They first reported some positive result of their work …

2. I started to work on this subject …

3. He first suggested a complex study of this problem …

4. They proposed new technique …

5. She received her first degree in physics …

6. I completed my theses …

7. We published our first scientific paper …

Past-time expressions: in 1970; in the late(early 1990’s); in the last century; at the end of; last week(month, year); a few years ago; yesterday; the day before yesterday; the other day; in September 2000.

Ex.3. Contradict the following statements with another past-time expressions. The right dates are given in brackets.

Teacher: My friend says that you published your first paper in 2005.

Student: No, I published my first paper in 2008.

1. She says that you received your first degree in physics in 2006. (2003)

2. Pascal designed an elementary adding machine which was to assist in the computation of taxes in 1640. ( in 1642)

3. They say that Einstein worked out his general relativity theory in the late 1940’s (in the early 20^th century).

4. In 1770 the German astronomer Johann Elert Bode published his celebrated paper on a simple number sequence that seemed to fit planetary orbits. ( in 1776)

5. Vernadsky realized the necessity of quite a new approach to the biosphere as early as the mid-fifties (as early as the mid-forties).

6. He says that Max Plank first introduced his conception of light emission in the 1930’s (at the turn of the century).

7. My colleague says that Van der Graaf devised his first practical accelerator in the 1950’s (the late 1930’s).

Ex. 4 Give a few facts from your biography as a scientists.

Student 1st: I studied at Penza State University, Instrument Making and Information Technique faculty. I was greatly interested in physics, I published my first scientific paper in 2005.

2nd: I studied economics at Economics and Management Institute. Micro-economics presented certain interest for me.

Ex. 5. Give a few examples from the history of science you are interested in, using the following phrases. Everyone works with the same phrase.

Teacher: To advance an idea.

Student: 1st: Einstein first advanced the idea of relativity in the early 20^th century.

2nd: In 1913 Bohr advanced the idea of the atom solar theory.

1. to work out a theory(principle, idea, conception); 2. to develop a method(technique, idea, theory, approach); 3. to predict an effect(process, phenomenon); 4. to introduce a conception(idea, principle); 5. to suggest technique (approach); 6. to devise a machine(instrument, apparatus, installation); 7. to report results on a process (phenomenon, effect, etc.).

Ex. 6. Give a few facts from the biography of a well-known scientist who worked(or works) in the same field as you.

Student: S.P.Korolev, is an eminent scientist and designer of rocket and space systems. He worked in the aircraft industry. The design office, he worked at, designed, constructed and launched the first liquid propellent rocket in August, 1933. For a number of years S.P.Korolev solved complicated problems connected with space research which were important for space technology.

Ex. 7. Contradict the teacher with the same statement in the negative form. Use the introductory phrases: you are mistaken; you are wrong.

Teacher: He showed some slides during the discussion.

Student: You are mistaken. He didn’t show any slides during the discussion.

1. He presented new experimental findings.

2. This theme attracted the attention of specialists.

3. Dr.White suggested a better approach to this problem.

4. The paper provided some new experimental data.

5. If I am not mistaken, he formulated a new theoretical concept.

6. I suppose he raised very important questions in his talk.

7. Specialists considered new experimental techniques.

8. They outlined the present state of research in this field.

9. He attended an international conference a year ago.

10. You are not mistaken, his paper covered some theoretical aspects of such investigations.

Ex. 8. Add question tags to the following statements. Give short replies to the questions.

Teacher: They advanced another interpretation of this effect.

Student 1st: They advanced another interpretation of this effect, didn’t they.

Student 2nd: Yes, they did.

1. He summarized this information in a monograph.

2. They first raised this question as early as 1970.

3. The scientists of our University presented some papers at that symposium.

4. She completed the research two years ago.

5. Many speakers emphasized the importance of cooperation in research.

6. The chairman followed the time agenda.

7. Discussions covered a wide range of questions.

8. The conference considered problems of theoretical and experimental research.

9. Some papers contained entirely new data.

10. Most papers provided new information.

Ex.9. Dialogue: Suppose student 1 attended an international conference a month ago. Ask him about this conference using only tag questions.

Student 2: You attended the international conference a month ago, didn’t you?

1st: Yes, I did?

3rd: The conference opened with the chairman address, didn’t it?

1st: Yes, the chairman, Prof.S. opened the first plenary session and welcomed the conference members and the guests.

Ex.10. Ask one general question on the following situation.

Teacher: The conference did not close on Monday.

Student: Did it close on Wednesday?

Teacher: I did not attend the opening session.

Student: Did you attend the meeting of the research group?

1. I did not preside at the morning session.

2. The papers did not contain theoretical speculations.

3. This post-graduate did not review the latest developments in his field.

4. They did not emphasize the importance of complex studies.

5. The reporter did not show any diagrams.

6. The congress participants did not support Dr. Black’s idea.

7. The session did not start with his paper.

8. The board did not consider the theoretical aspects of research.

9. He did not complete his theses.

10. They advanced another interpretation of this effect.

Ex.11. Ask and answer the following questions.

Teacher: Ask another student if he attended any scientific meetings last year.

Student 1st: Did you attend any scientific meetings last year?

2nd: Yes, I participated in a conference on high-energy physics.

1. ask another student if he published any papers last year. 2. … if he started to work at this Research Institute a month ago. 3. … if L. Landau worked only in one field of physics. 4. … if Isaac Newton formulated the law of gravitation. 5. … if Nils Bohr worked in the area of quantum mechanics. 6. ….if the first space flight attracted much attention of the public. 7. … if the authors introduce illustrations at the end of the book.

Ex.12. Ask the student next to you a question with “Who”. Speak about the outstanding discoveries in science you are interested in.

Student 1st: Who discovered the phenomenon of radioactivity?

2nd: The Curies discovered the phenomenon of radioactivity.

Who suggested engineering solutions for rocket design?

3rd: K.Tsiolkovsky did. Who formulated the law of conservation of matter and movement?

Ex. 13. Ask and answer the following questions.

Teacher: Ask another student how many papers he published last year.

Student 1st: How many papers did you publish last year?

2nd: Three papers.

1. Ask another student why he preferred this field of science to any other.

2. … what problems they discussed at the last laboratory meeting.

3. … what L. Landau contributed to physics.

4. … what problems E. Fermi studied.

5. … what year they reported their discovery in.

6. … what new ideas they suggested and considered.

7. … what points the reporter emphasized.

8. … what program they adopted finally.

9. …what new questions the participant of the last laboratory seminar raised.

10. … what accounts the participants of the experiment illustrated with graphs, diagrams and formulas.

Ex. 14. Answer the questions:

1. What was your research problem?

2. What was of special interest in the problem of your research?

3. What was the subject of your research?

4. Why did the interest in this problem increase last year?

5. Did you follow / stick to any theory / hypothesis / concept/ What was it?

6. What concept was your research based on?

7. How did your research differ from other studies of the same problem?

8. Was there much literature available on your research problem?

9. Did other scientists describe comprehensively / thoroughly / extensively your research problem in literature?

10. What were the main aspects of the problem.

Ex. 15. Complete the sentences which contain the words from the Active Vocabulary, speak about your research problem.

1. A year ago I studied the problem … .

2. The problem I studied was concerned with … .

3. There was a lot of / little / no literature on the problem of … .

4. The literature available on the problem only outlined / mentioned / described such aspects as … .

5. In solving our problem we followed the hypothesis that … .

Ex. 16. Dialogue: suppose one of the students is taking an examination in the history of science he is interested in, the others are the examining board. Ask all types of questions in the past indefinite active.

Student 1st: When did Blachet, an English physicist, develop the “Cloud - chamber” technique.

2nd: In 1925.

3rd: What did he discover in 1932?

2nd: He discovered a new particle – the positron.

Text 1

Ex. 1. Read the text.

Trends in Wireless Communications.

The impressive evolution of mobile network and the potential of wireless multimedia communications posed many questions to operators, manufactures and scientists who work in this field.

The future wireless multimedia communications support all multimedia services, such as data, graphics, audio, images and video, for different types of users:

1. user not physically wired to the network;

2. user able to access the network from many locations (i. e. nomadic users);

3. users able to access the network while moving (i. e. mobile users).

Last years the market of mobile multimedia services experienced a large increase mainly driven by Internet-based data services. Scientists tried to connect globally home appliances, vehicles, personal computers, sensors, actuators. Current mobile and wireless systems and architectural concepts evolved in order to cope with these complex connectivity requirements. Scientific research in that truly multidisciplinary field grew fast. New technologies, new architectural concepts and new challenges emerged.

Ex. 2. Answer the following questions to the text.

1. Whom did the evolution of mobile networks and the potential of wireless multimedia communications pose many questions to?

2. What do the future wireless communications support?

3. What different types of multimedia services do the wireless multimedia communications support?

4. What are the types of multimedia communication users?

5. What did scientists try to connect globally? What for?

6. Did scientific research in wireless communications grow fast?

7. What were the resuts of that growth?

Ex. 3 Identify the topic of the text.

Ex. 4. Translate the text into Russian.

Text 2.

Ex. 1. Read the text.

Global Warming

Scientists and researchers from various fields of science said that the possible effects of climate change could be far – reaching and, in some cases, caused serious problems;

They discovered that pollution in any country could effect neighboring countries and the environment throughout the world. Some experts warned that carbon dioxide released from factory smokestacks and cars could cause the earth’s temperature to rise; some chemicals destroyed the earth’s protective ozone layer.

Scientists’ measurements indicated that the average global temperature increased by about one degree Fahrenheit in the past century. It may seem hard to believe that such a small increase could affect the way we live.

Scientists believe that a continuing temperature rise may lead to increased human illnesses and deaths, worsening erosion of beaches and causing the extinction of animal and plant species.

Many environmentalists argue that since the United States is one of the largest producers of greenhouse gases, it should cut its emission for the sake of the rest of the world. Americans produce 24 percent of the world’s carbon dioxide emissions by burning coal, gas, oil, and wood. Environmentalists insist that more efficient fuel use could greatly reduce emissions. All countries must cooperate to develop worldwide strategies for protecting the global environment.

Each new environmental law or regulation has a cost. The governments must pay some of the costs to clean up polluted areas. The manufacturing companies must pay other costs and install antipollution equipment and make products that do not harm the environment.

Ex. 2. Answer the following questions to the text.

1. What problem are scientists and researches from various countries busy with?

2. What did they discover?

3. What did experts warn?

4. How did the average global temperature increase in the past century?

5. What may such a small increase in temperature lead to?

6. Why should the United States cut its emission?

7. What are the ways of emission reducing?

8. Who must pay to clean up polluted areas?

Ex. 3. Look through the text and headline every paragraph. Use them as a plan for discussing the problem of global warming.

Ex. 4. Translate the text into Russian.

Lesson 3