Who (world health organization)

WHO was founded in 1948. In 1946 the United Nations held an International Health Conference in New York. There the Constitution of WHO was signed by 61 countries. Now- there are 150 member-states. Membership is open to all countries.

WHO activities take many forms:

— strengthening national health services,

— preparing more and better health workers,

— controlling or eradicating epidemic diseases,

— protecting mother's and child health,

— improving sanitation and water supply,

— and making all other efforts to raise health levels.

One of the main services carried out by WHO is the service of epidemic warnings. The five main world epidemics of history — plague, cholera, smallpox, typhus and yellow fever—are still a great danger in our time of fast sea and air travel.

WHO gathers information and broadcasts it daily by radio to health authorities, ports, airports and ships at sea. WHO also informs national health services about outbreaks of viral diseases such as influenza and poliomyelitis.

Besides an epidemic information WHO also provides services which are needed by all the countries, such as an international quarantine mea­sures, world health statistics, international standardization of medicines and vaccines, development of medical research and technical publication programme.

The daily work of the World Health Organization is carried out by a medical and administrative staff of about 2,400 international officers from 70 different countries. These officers are stationed at headquarters in Geneva, in Regional Offices, or with special centers working on every continent.

Post-text assignments

Exercise 8. Skim through the text and answer the questions:

1. When was WHO founded?

2. How many member-states are there in WHO?

3. What are the most active forms of WHO activities?

4. How are national health services informed about outbreaks of viral diseases?

5. Do all countries need services provided by WHO?

6. Who performs the daily work of the World Health Organization?

7. Where are headquarters of WHO stationed?

Exercise 9. Translate into English:

1. Конституция ВОЗ была подписана 61 страной.

2. Членство в ВОЗ доступно всем странам.

3. ВОЗ информирует национальные службы здравоохранения о вспышках вирусных инфекций.

4. Ежедневная работа ВОЗ проводится медицинским и административным аппаратом служащих из разных стран.

5. Штаб-квартира ВОЗ расположена в Женеве.

6. ВОЗ также обеспечивает службы необходимые всем странам, такие как международная стандартизация лекарств и вакцин, медицинские исследования и другие.

7. Пять эпидемий в мировой истории – чума, холера, оспа, тиф, желтая лихорадка – все еще представляют большую опасность

Exercise 10. State wheather the following is correct:

There are nearly 100 member –states in WHO.

One of the main services of WHO is the service of epidemic warning.

WHO gathers information and broadcasts it by radio.

The daily work of the World Health Organization is carried out by 2.400 international officers from 80 different countries.

There are special centres working on every continent.

Exercise 11.Translate the following sentences. Pay attention to the words with -ing forms:

1. Training of medical personnel is one of the most important problems of WHO.

2. Great stress is laid on eradicating of the most dangerous and wide-spreading diseases.

3. WHO is called upon to act as a navigator in coordinating the efforts of international scientists showing ways of setting these tasks.

4. Our country ascribes great importance to the broadening and strengthening of international cooperation, including the field of health protection.

Exercise 12. Find and translate 5 words being noun and verb at the same time (formed by conversion).

E. g. work - работа to work - работать

Exercise 13. Put questions to the underlined words:

WHO was founded in 1948.

There are 150 member-states in WHO.

One of the main services of WHO is the service of epidemic warning.

The daily work of WHO is carried out by a medical and administrative staff.

WHO also provides information about international quarantine measures.

Exercise 14. Insert prepositions:

The Constitution of WHO was signed … 61 countries.

membership in WHO is open … all countries.

WHO also informs national health services … outbreaks of viral diseases.

The five world epidemics of history are still a great danger … our time.

WHO broadcasts information … health authorities.

International officers working in WHO are stationed … headquarters … Geneva… Regional offices.

Exercise 15. Tell what you mean by

disease

health

epidemic

Exercise 16. SPECIALISTS. Where can you find these patients? Match the patients with the correct wards or departments.

1. Intensive Care Unit

2. Casualty and Emergency Department

3. Paediatiic Ward

4. Maternity Unit

5. Orthopaedic Ward

6. Surgical Ward

7. Geriatric Ward

8. Ophthalmic Ward

9. Gynaecological Ward

a. Mary who has just had a baby

b. John who has broken his leg

c. My grandmother who is suffering from pneumonia complications

d. Peter who will have his appendix removed

e. Betty's mother who is suffering from women's disease

f. My mother who will be operated on for an eye cataract

g. Samuel who is unconscious

h. Paul who has just been in a car crash

i. Your son who has measles

TEST

1. WHO was founded in … .

a) 1938

b) 1940

c) 1944

d) 1948

e) 1950

2. There are … member-states in WHO now.

a) 80

b) 100

c) 150

d) 180

e) 200

3. The constitution of WHO was signed in … .

a) London

b) New York

c) Helsinki

d) Washington

e) Paris

4. A medical and administrative staff consists of international officers from … countries.

a) 30

b) 40

c) 50

d) 60

e) 70

5. The main headquarter of WHO is in … .

a) Brussel

b) Paris

c) Geneva

d) Delhi

e) Prague

6. WHO gathers information and broadcasts it by …

a) TV

b) Conference

c) Songs

d) Radio

e) Symposium

7. The daily work of the World Health Organisation is carried … by a medical and administrative staff.

a) in

b) out

c) into

d) at

e) onto

8. Membership is open … all countries.

a) at

b) in

c) to

d) for

e) among

9. WHO informs national health services … outbreaks of viral diseases.

a) of

b) with

c) for

d) about

e) in

10. Regional offices or special centres are working … every continent.

a) at

b) on

c) in

d) of

e) inside

4 . C E L L S

Exercise 1. Practise the pronunciation:

Cell [sel], nucleus [^rnju:kliəs], nuclei ['nju:kliai]_, cytoplasm ['saitəplæzm], microscopy [maikrə'skopi], mammalian [mæ'meiliən], alive [ə'laiv], double [dΛbl], organelle ['o:gənə1], granule ['grænju:l], cellular ['seljulə], bacteria [bæk'tiəriə], pinocytosis [painəsai'təusis], tiny [taini], environment [in'vaiər(ə)nmənt]

Exercise 2. Topic vocabulary:

A large number -большое количество

To survive - выживать

Reason - причина

Aside from- помимо

Staining characteristics- свойство окрашиваться

inclusion -включение

to maintain - поддерживать

to refer to - относиться

to ingest - глотать, проглатывать

inflammation - воспаление

to combat - бороться

leakage —протекание, утечка

Exercise 3. Form new words using suffices and translate them:

- LY: structural, frequent, high, rare, rapid, slow

- FUL: harm, use, pain, care, hope, wonder

Exercise 4. Give Russian equivalents of the following word combinations:

A short life span, spherical structure, red blood cells, keratinized cells, a pathologic process, staining characteristics, a double membrane, secretory and pigment granules, tiny holes, the cellular membrane, unwanted substances, absorption of liquids, harmful substances.

Exercise 4.Read and translate the text:

CELLS

A large number of cells make up our body. They range from small cells, some of which have a short life span, to others which are extremely large and which may survive in the body as long as we remain alive.

Structurally, each of the cells is divided into two main parts, the nucleus and the cytoplasm.

The nucleus is a large, spherical structure: it is surrounded by cytoplasm. It is a most important structure for several reasons. It is important because it is present in all mammalian cells except red blood cells and keratinized cells. Very frequently nuclei serve as the basis for diagnosing a pathologic process. Aside from their staining characteristics, which make them useful to histologists, nuclei are important biologically.

A double membrane, the nuclear membrane, separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm. The cytoplasm has been shown through electron microscopy to contain many well-organized structures, called organelles and inclusions. The inclusions contain food and secretory and pigment granules.

The cell membrane is the thin membrane which surrounds the cytoplasm. The cellular membrane contains lipid and protein molecules. The membrane also contains tiny holes, called pores. The cellular membrane prevents leakage of the inner cellular structures into the surrounding environment. Serving as a highly selective barrier, the membrane keeps certain unwanted substances from entering the cell but admits other substances that are necessary for maintaining cellular life.

Pinocytosis is the process of absorption of liquids through a cellular membrane. Phagocytosis refers to the process of ingestion or moving of solids through the cell membrane. Phagocytosis is a mechanism of defense against bacteria, or other harmful substances, since these substances are ingested by the cells that combat inflammation.

POST-TEXT ASSIGNMENTS

Exercise 5. Answer the questions to the text:

1. What is the role of the nucleus?

2. What is the function of the cellular membrane?

3. What is a mechanism of defense against bacteria?

4. How is each cell divided?

5. What is the nucleus surrounded by?

6. What separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm?

7. What does the cellular membrane contain?

Exercise 6. Arrange the sentences in order of their appearance in the text:

1. The inclusions contain food and secretory and pigment granules.

2. Structurally each of the cells is divided into two main parts...

3. Very frequently nuclei serve as the basis for diagnosing a pathologic process.

4. Phagocytosis is a mechanism of defense against bacteria...

5. A double membrane... separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm.

6. The cellular membrane contains lipid and protein molecules.

Exercise 7. Complete the sentences:

1. The inclusions contain food and secretory and....

2. Structurally, each of the cells is divided into two parts,....

3. Very frequently nuclei serve as the basis for diagnosing ....

4. A double membrane separates the nucleus from ....

5. The cellular membrane contains lipid and ....

6. Phagocytosis is a mechanism of defense against....

Exercise 8. Translate the sentences:

Структурно каждая клетка делится на 2 основные части.

Ядро- это большая сферическая структура, окруженная цитоплазмой.

Очень часто ядро является основой для диагностики патологического процесса.

Ядерная оболочка отделяет ядро от цитоплазмы.

Клеточная оболочка – это тонкая оболочка, окружающая цитоплазму.

Клеточная оболочка предотвращает утечку внутренних клеточных структур в окружающую среду.

Фагоцитоз – это механизм защиты от бактерий или других вредных веществ.

Exercise 9. Put questions to the underlined words:

The cell membrane is the thin membrane which surrounds the cytoplasm.

Pinocytosis is the process of absorption of liquids through a cellular membrane.

Very frequently nuclei serve as the basis for diagnosing a pathologic process.

The nuclear membrane separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm.

The inclusions contain food and secretory and pigment granules.

The cellular membrane prevents leakage of the inner cellular structures into the surrounding environment.

Exercise 10. Describe;

a) the structure of the cell.

b) the nucleus

c) the cytoplasm

d) the cell membrane

Exercise 11. Repeat the names of medical specialists:

Some of these words look so much alike that we often confuse them. See if you can get them straight. Here are some specialists with brief descriptions of their specialties. Check the one correct title that fits the description in each case.

1. He treats children's diseases.

a. He is an orthopaedist, b. He is a pediatrician, c. He is a pathologist.

2. He corrects deformities of the body.

a. He is a gynaecologist, b. He is an orthopaedist, c. He is a pathologist.

3. He straightens crooked teeth

a. He is an orthodontist, b. He is an orthopaedist, c. He is a pathologist.

4. He is a medical doctor who specializes in diseases of the eye.

a. He is an oculist, b. He is an optician, c. He is an orthopaedist.

5. He makes your eyeglasses.

a. He is an oculist, b. He is an orthopaedist, c. He is an optician.

6. He specializes in disorders of the mind.

a. He is an intern, b. He is a psychiatrist. c. He is a physiotherapist.

7. He treats diseases by electricity.

a. He is a pathologist, b. He is a physiotherapist, c. He is a psychologist.

8. His specialty is taking and interpreting X rays.

a. He is a gynaecologist, b. He is a neurologist, c. He is a radiologist.

9. He specializes in diseases of the nervous system.

a. He is a cardiologist. b. He is a dermatologist, c. He is a neurologist.

10. He treats diseases of old age.

a. He is a cardiologist. b. He is a geriatrician, c. He is a pediatrician.

11. He specializes in skin diseases.

a. He is a dermatologist, b. He is a geriatrician, c. He is a pathologist.

12. He treats women's diseases.

a. He is a dermatologist, b. He is a geriatrician, c. He is a gynaecologist.

13. He brings children into the world.

a. He is a gynaecologist. b. He is an obstetrician. c. He is a pediatrician.

TEST

1. The nucleus is surrounded by …

a. metachondrium

b. saline media

c. red blood cells

d. cytoplasm

e. white blood cells

2. The cytoplasm contains many well-organized structures called … and …

a. red and white blood cells

b. haemoglobin and ansinophils

c. water and lymph

d. organelles and inclusions

e. lipid and protein molecules

3. The cell membrane is the … membrane which surrounds the cytoplasm.

a. thick

b. wide

c. long

d. narrow

e. thin

4. The cellular membrane prevents … of the inner cellular structures into the surrounding environment.

a. rupture

b. damage

c. leakage

d. ingestion

e. moving

5. Structurally each of the cells is divided into …

a. one

b. two

c. three

d. four

e. five

6. The nucleus is a large, … structure.

a. round

b. square

c. triangular

d. spherical

e. comma-shaped

7. Very frequently nuclei … as the basis for diagnosing a pathologic process.

a. include

b. serve

c. form

d. have

e. take

8. The nuclear membrane separates the nucleus … the cytoplasm

a. at

b. to

c. by

d. between

e. from

9. Pinocytosis is the process of absorption of liquids … a cellular membrane.

a. in

b. trough

c. from

d. in

e. at

10. Phagocytosis is a mechanism of defence against … .

a. foreign bodies

b. enemies

c. bacteria

d. small animals

e. viruses

5 . S Y S T E M S O F T H E B O D Y

Exercise 1. Practice the pronunciation:

muscular ['mΛskjulə], circulatory ['sə:kjulətəri], digestive [di'dƷstiv] respiratory [ris'paiərətəri], urinary ['juərinəri], associate [ə'səu∫ieit], blood [blΛd], nitrogenous [ nai'trכdƷinəs], urethra[juə'ri:θrə], dioxide [dai'כrsaid]

Exercise 2. Topical vocabulary:

circulatory system - система кровообращения

digestive - пищеварительный

respiratory - дыхательный

reproductive - репродуктивная, связанная с размножением

processing - обработка

nutrients - питательные вещества

waste - продукты распада

to remove - удалять

to discharge - выделять

Exercise 3. Translate the following word combinations:

Reproductory system, digestive system, cellular wastes, spinal cord, all necessary means, blood stream, associated glands, nitrogenous wastes, throughout the body

Exercise 4. Translate into Russian paying attention to the Passive Voice:

The blood is pumped through the blood vessels.

Special substances required by cells are carried by the blood stream.

The urine is stored in the urinary bladder.

A large number of activities is regulated by the endocrine system.

The urine is discharged through the urethra.

Exercise 5. Read and translate the text:

SYSTEMS OF THE BODY

There are nine main systems of the body: the skeletal, the muscular, the nervous, the circulatory, the digestive, the respiratory, the urinary, the endocrine and the reproductive systems.

The skeletal system consists of the bones of the body and ligaments and cartilages, which join them. The chief function of the skeletal system is structural.

The muscular system consists of the skeletal muscles and their associated structures. The main function of this system is to move us about.

The nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord, nerves, ganglia and receptors. It is a complex information system with all the necessary means for receiving, processing, and communicating information.

The circulatory system consists of the heart and blood vessels and the blood, which is pumped through the blood vessels by the heart. Its function is chiefly that of transportation system: the nutrients, oxygen, and special substances which are required by cells are carried by the blood stream; and the cellular wastes and sometimes other materials produced by the cells are carried away by the blood stream.

The digestive system consists of the alimentary canal and a number of associated glands.

The respiratory system consists of the lungs, the air passages leading to them and associated structures. Its main function is to convey oxygen to the lungs, where it can enter the blood stream, and to remove carbon dioxide, which escapes from the blood into the lung spaces.

The urinary system consists of two kidneys, which produce urine by removing nitrogenous and other wastes from the blood: the two ureters, which convey the urine away from the kidneys; the urinary bladder, where the urine is stored until it is discharged; and the urethra through which the urine is discharged.

The endocrine system consists of a number of glands throughout the body which produce regulatory substances called hormones. The endocrine system serves to regulate a large number of activities.

Post-text assignments

Exercise 6. Answer the questions.

1. What is the function of the skeletal system?

2. What is the function of the muscular systems?

3. What is carried by the blood-stream?

4. What is the function of the respiratory system?

5. What does the endocrine system serve for?

6. Where are the hormones produced?

Exercise 7. Agree or contradict the following:

1.The skeletal system serves to move us about.

2. The circulatory system consists of the heart, the kidneys and blood vessels.

3. The main function of the respiratory system is to convey oxygen to the lungs.

4. The endocrine system consists of a number of vessels.

5. The urine is stored in the urinary bladder.

Exercise 8. Translate the following sentences:

1. Основная функция скелетной системы - структурная.

2. Система пищеварения состоит из пищеварительного канала и нескольких желёз.

3. Основная функция дыхательной системы - переносить кислород в лёгкие и удалять....

4. Эндокринная система служит для регулирования многообразных видов деятельности.

5. Два мочеточника перемещают мочу из почек.

6. Эндокринная система состоит из ряда желез по всему телу.

Exercise 9. Make the sentences interrogative:

The chief function of the skeletal system is structural.

The respiratory system consists of the lungs and associated structures.

The cellular wastes are carried away by the blood stream.

There are 9 main systems in the body.

The endocrine system serves to regulate various activities.

Exercise 10. Make the sentences negative:

The circulatory system consists of the heart, blood vessels and blood.

The nutrients, oxygen and special substances are carried by the blood stream.

The digestive system includes the alimentary canal and a number of associated glands.

The air can enter the blood stream.

The urine is stored in the bladder.

Exercise 11. escribe in English what is:

a) urine

b) nutrients

c) lungs

d) carbon dioxide

Exercise 12. Remember the symptoms. Match the following symptoms of disease with their definitions.

1. rash a. difficult or infrequent emptying of the bowels

2. constipation b. weariness from bodily or mental exertion

3. diarrhea c. feeling as if everything were turning round

4. dizziness d. a burning sensation in the stomach from indigestion

5. fatigue e. feeling of sickness as caused by bad food

6. fever f. inability to sleep

7. heartburn g. patch of tiny red spots on the skin

8. inflammation.. h. a redness and swelling attended with heat, pain

9. insomnia i. yellowness of the skin and the whites of the eyes

10. jaundice j. too frequent and too watery emptying of the bowels

11. nausea k. condition of the body with temperature higher than

usual

TEST

1. The chief function of the skeletal system is … .

a) reproductive

b) respiratory

c) structural

d) motor

e) excretory

2. The main function of the respiratory system is to convey … to the lungs.

a) hydrogen

b) calcium

c) carbon

d) oxygen

e) carbon dioxide

3. The main function of the muscular system is … the body.

a) to rotate

b) to lay down

c) to rise

d) to straighten

e) to move

4. There are … main systems of the body.

a) five

b) six

c) seven

d) eight

e) nine

5. The nutrients, oxygen and special substances required by cells are carried out by the … .

a) lymph

b) cytoplasm

c) blood stream

d) digestive system

e) alimentary canal

6.Two kidney produce … by removing nitrogenous and other wastes from the blood.

a) lipids

b) urine

c) carbohydrates

d) proteins

e) insulin

7. The endocrine system produces regulatory substances called … .

a) lipids

b) urine

c) carbohydrates

d) hormones

e) proteins

8. The urine is stored in the … .

a) kidneys

b) ureter

c) bladder

d) urethra

e) intestines

9. The two ureters convey the urine … from the kidneys.

a) into

b) out of

c) out

d) for

e) away

10. The nervous systems is a complex information system … all necessary means for receiving, processing and communicating information.

a) of

b) with

c) by

d) at

e) to

6 . E N D O C R I N E G L A N D S

Exercise 1. Practice the pronunciation:

Endocrine ['endəukrain], excretory [eks'kritəri], throughout [θru(:)'aut], disturbance [dis'tə:b(ə)ns], hypophysis [hai'pɔfisis], pituitary [pi'tju(:)it(ə)ri], thymus ['θaiməs], pineal ['piniəl], islet ['ailit], adrenal [əd'ri:nl], epithelial [epi'θi:ljəl], nervous ['nə:vəs], fibre ['faibə]

Exercise 2. Topic vocabulary:

Excretory ducts – выделительные пути

Throughout – по всему

To deliver – доставлять

Disturbance - нарушение

Due to – вследствие, из-за

Composition - состав

Corresponding glands – соответствующие железы

Thyroid – щитовидная железа

Islet – островок

Pineal – шишковидный

Adrenals – надпочечники

Thymus – вилочковая железа, тимус

Network – сеть

Influence – влияние

To exercise control – осуществлять контроль

Exercise 3. Translate the following word combinations:

Glands of internal secretion, special substances, various organs, changes throughout the organism, chemical composition, incretory part, blood vessels, glandular epithelial tissue, nerve fibres.

Exercise 4. Translate into Russian paying attention to the Passive voice:

1. Hormones are secreted directly into the blood.

2. The hormones are carried throughout the organism with the blood.

3. Various hormonal preparations are made synthetically.

4. The functions of all endocrine glands are interconnected.

5. The activities of endocrine glands are regulated by the nervous system.

Exercise 5. Read and translate the text:

ENDOCRINE GLANDS

Endocrine glands, or glands of internal secretion, are glands without excretory ducts. They produce special substances called hormones, which are secreted directly into the blood. The hormones are carried throughout the organism with the blood and are delivered to various organs whose activity they either stimulate or depress.

Hormones play a very important part in the organism. Many of them affect metabolism and the functioning of the cardiovascular, reproductive, and other systems. A disturbance in the activity of the endocrine glands is accompanied by changes throughout the organism. These changes may be due to an increase in the function of a gland (hyperfunction) or a decrease (hypofunction).

The chemical composition of some hormones is well-known. Various hormonal preparations are made synthetically or from the corresponding glands of animals (endocrine preparations) and are widely used in medicine. It should be noted that hormones are substances with very high biological activity.

The endocrine glands include the hypophysis (or pituitary), the epiphysis cerebri (or pineal), the thyroid, the parathyroids, the thymus, the islet part of the pancreas, the adrenals and the incretory part of the sex glands, Each gland consists of glandular epithelial tissue and has an extensive network of blood vessels and a large number of nerve fibres (from the vegetative nervous system)

The functions of all endocrine glands are interconnected, and the glands make up a single system. The hypophysis is the chief gland of this system: it produces special substances which stimulate the activities of the other endocrine glands.

The influence of various substances (mainly hormone) acting on the organism through the blood is called humoral regulation.

The activities of endocrine glands are regulated by the nervous system. The nervous system exercises direct control over the endocrine glands through the nervous and neurohumoral control, particularly through the hypophysis. The hormones in their turn affect the functions of the different parts of the nervous system.

POST-TEXT ASSIGNMENTS

Exercise 6. Answer the questions:

1. Where are the hormones secreted?

2. What is the role of hormones?

3. How are the hormones made?

4. What are the parts of the endocrine system?

5. What is humoral regulation?

6. What is the chief gland of the endocrine system?

7. What are the activities of the endocrine glands regulated by?

Exercise 7. Continue the sentences:

A disturbance in the activity of the endocrine glands is accompanied by … .

The endocrine glands include the hypophysis, the epiphysis … .

Various hormonal preparations are made synthetically or … .

The influence of various substances acting on the organism through the blood is called … .

The hormones affect … .

Exercise 8. Translate into English:

1. Гормоны переносятся по организму при помощи крови.

2. Нарушение в работе желез внутренней секреции сопровождается изменениями во всем организме.

3. Различные гормональные препараты изготовляются синтетически.

4. Функции всех эндокринных желез взаимосвязаны.

5. Работа желез внутренней секреции регулируется нервной системой.

6. Гипофиз вырабатывает особые вещества, которые стимулируют деятельность других эндокринных желез.

Exercise 9. Make up question to the underlined words:

1. The hormones are delivered to various organs.

2. Many hormones affect metabolism.

3. The chemical composition of some hormones is well-known.

4. Each gland consists of glandular epithelial tissue.

5. The hormones affect the functions of the different parts of the nervous system.

Exercise 10. Describe:

a) hormone

b) hypophysis

c) gland

Exercise 11. Repeat the terms of drugs and medical preparations.Choose the right answer

1. The nurse put a..... on the wound.

a) bandage b) cloth c) material d) towel

2. Take two of these.... .three times a day after meals.

a) capsules b) drugs c) placebos d) prescriptions

3. If you've got a headache, why don't you take a.... of aspirin?

a) couple b)tablet c) pair d) prescription

4. The doctor gave me some ... for my rheumatism.

a) gargle b) ointment c) pastilles d) pills

5. The doctor gave the woman a strong … to calm her down.

a) aantidote b) antiseptic c) bromide d) sedative

6. The nurse made him swallow a … to help him sleep better.

a) lotion b) pill c) ointment d) tranquillizer

TEST

1. Endocrine glands produce special substances called … .

a) proteins

b) lipids

c) nutrients

d) hormones

e) thrombocytes

2. Hormones may affect … and functioning of different systems.

a) growth

b) metabolism

c) height

d) size

e) depth

3. The activities of endocrine glands are regulated by the … .

a) reproductive system

b) cardiovascular system

c) nervous system

d) respiratory system

e) urogenital system

4. The functions of all endocrine glands are … .

a) independent

b) separate

c) combined

d) tied together

e) interconnected

5. The … is the chief gland of this system.

a) thymus

b) cerebellum

c) adrenals

d) hypophysis

e) pancreas

6. The hormones are carried throughout the organism with the … .

a) lymph

b) blood

c) cerebrospinal fluid

d) respiration

e) urination

7. Hormones are secreted directly into the … .

a) lymph

b) liver

c) blood

d) spleen

e) spinal cord

8. A disturbance in the activity of the endocrine glands is accompanied … changes throughout the organism.

a) in

b) on

c) for

d) at

e) by

9. The glands make … a single system.

a) out

b) up

c) of

d) with

e) by

10. The influence of hormones … the organism is called humoral regulation.

a) at

b) with

c) on

d) by

e) of

7 . M Y O C A R D I A L I N F A R C T I O N

Exercise 1. Practice the pronunciation:

Adjunct ['ædʒΛŋkt], caution [kɔ:∫(ə)n], countermand [kauntə'mænd], strenuous ['strenjuəs], delay [di'lei], initial [i'ni∫(ə)l], leukocytosis [ljukə'saitəusis], convalescence [kɔnvə'lesns]

Exercise 2. Topic vocabulary:

To assume - предполагать

To undergo - претерпевать

To suspect - подозревать

Burden – бремя, груз

To delay - откладывать

Healing - заживление

Valuable adjunct – ценный помощник

Strenuous exercises – энергичные упражнения

To permit - разрешать

To attempt – пытаться, делать попытку

Caution - предосторожность

To countermand - отменять

Сonsiderably – значительно

Exercise 3. Translate into Russian. Pay attention to modal verbs:

The patient should be put to bed whenever the diagnosis of myocardial infarction is even suspected.

The patient must remain at absolute rest.

Overburdening of the heart may delay or cause rupture of the myocardium and death.

All strenuous exercises should be countermanded.

Ambulation may be permitted after 4 or 5 weeks in bed.

Caution should be observed in allowing the patient to get out of bed.

Tachycardia, dyspnea and chest pain is an indication that the period of bed rest should be considerably extended.

After the patient had become ambulatory, the increase in activity should be very gradual.

Exercise 4. Form new words and translate them:

ABLE: valuable, reason, favour, eat, understand

OVER -: burden, weight, estimate, salt

Exercise 5. Read and translate the text:

MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION

Whenever the diagnosis of recent myocardial infarction is made or even suspected, it is the physician's duty to insist that the patient should be put to bed. He must remain at absolute rest until it can be assumed that a reasonable state of healing of the infarcted area has been achieved. There should hardly be any compromise with this program, particularly during the first two or three weeks, for it is during this period that the damaged muscle is undergoing necrosis and gradual replacement by fibrous tissue.

Overburdening of the heart by unnecessary effort may delay healing or cause rupture of the myocardium and death. Good nursing is a valuable adjunct.

The period of absolute rest is quite variable. In cases in which the symptoms have been minimal, the temperature and leukocyte count have been only slightly elevated and have returned to normal within a few days and there is no tachycardia or dyspnea, gradually increasing ambulation may be permitted after four or five weeks in bed. When the initial shock has been more severe and the abnormal findings have persisted for a longer period, caution should be observed in allowing the patient to get out of bed until there has been a rest period of six or eight weeks.

The persistence of fever, leukocytosis, increased sedimentation rate, tachycardia, dyspnea and chest pain is an indication that the period of bed rest should be considerably extended.

After the patient has become ambulatory, the increase in activity should be very gradual. This may require a further period of convalescence of three to six or nine months. Probably work should be attempted only part time at first and all strenuous exercise countermanded.

POST-TEXT ASSIGNMENTS

Exercise 6. Answer the questions;

1. What time must the patient remain at absolute rest?

2. How long is the damaged cardiac muscle undergoing necrosis and replacement by fibrous tissue?

3. What may delay healing?

4. In what cases should the period of bed rest be considerably extended?

5. In what cases is the rest period prolonged?

6. How long does a period of convalescent last?

Exercise 7. Give English equivalents to the following word combinations:

Первоначальный шок, поврежденная мышца, фиброзная ткань, анормальные данные, постепенное замещение, период покоя, продолжающаяся лихорадка, период выздоровления, слегка повышенное количество лейкоцитов

Exercise 8. Translate into English; pay attention to modal verbs:

1. Все энергичные упражнения должны быть противопоказаны.

2. Больной должен соблюдать постельный режим в течение месяца.

3. Лейкоцитоз, ускоренное СОЭ, тахикардия и боль в груди являются показанием к удлинению постельного режима.

4. Увеличенная нагрузка на сердце может даже вызвать разрыв миокарда и смерть.

5. Если врач подозревает инфаркт миокарда, больной должен быть уложен в постель немедленно.

Вставание с постели можно разрешить после 4-5 недель постельного режима.

Период выздоровления продолжается от 3 до 9 месяцев.

Exercise 9. Find antonyms to the following words in the text:

Bradycardia, intact muscle, restlessness, to prohibit, to stop, to accelerate, mild

Exercise 10. Make the following sentences negative:

The first two or three weeks the damaged muscle is undergoing necrosis and gradual replacement by fibrous tissue.

The patient has become ambulatory after 4 or 5 weeks in bed.

The period of absolute rest is quite variable.

Overburdening of the heart by unnecessary effort may delay healing.

All strenuous exercises should be countermanded.

Exercise 11. Explain the term in English:

a) Tachycardia,

b) leukocytosis,

c) convalescence,

d) necrosis

Exercise 12. BODY. Match the following parts of the body with the jumbled definitions on the right.

1. kidney a. organ in the head which controls thought and feeling

2. lung b. long pipe leading from the stomach which takes waste

matter from the body

3. liver c. two small, fleshy organs in the throat

4. heart d. baglike organ in which food is broken down for use

by the body

5. brain e. one of twenty-four bones protecting the chest

6. intestine f. one of a pair of organs which separate waste liquid

from the blood

7. appendix g. one of two bony parts of the face in which teeth are set

8. tonsils h. large organ which cleans the blood

9. rib i. one of a pair of breathing organs in the chest

10. stomach j. passage from the back of the mouth down inside the neck

11. jaw k. short organ of little use which leads off the large intestine

12. throat l. organ in the chest which controls the flow of blood by

pushing it round the body

TEST

1. Whenever the diagnosis of myocardial infarction is made or suspected, the patient should be put to...

a) stretchers

b) coach

c) bed

d) surgical table

e) neurological department

2. The patient must remain... until a reasonab le state of healing of the infarcted area has been achieved.

a) on examination

b) on exertion

c) under traction

d) at ab solute rest

e) at home

3. Overburdening of the heart by unnecessary effort may delay...

a) treatment

b) improvement

c) necrosis

d) contraction of the muscle

e) healing

4. After the patient has become ambulatory, the increase in activity should be very... .

a) sudden

b) gradual

c) abrupt

d) fast

e) sharp

5. A further period of convalescence may require... months

a) one

b) two

c) three to six

d) seven-eight

e) nine-ten

6. In cases of minimal symptoms, ambulation may be permitted after... weeks in bed.

a) one

b) two

c) three

d) four or five

e) six or seven

7. During the first two or three weeks the damaged muscle is undergoing necrosis and gradual replacement... fibrous tissue.

a) with

b) on

c) by

d) to

e) for

8. If the abnormal findings have persisted... a longer period, caution should be observed.

a) at

b) on

c) by

d) for

e) since

9. There should hardly be any comprise... the program of treatment.

a) by

b) with

c) over

d) at

e) on

10. Work should be attempted only part-time... first.

a) in

b) on

c) with

d) at

e) for

8 . D I S E A S E S O F T H E U P P E R R E S P I R A T O R Y T R A C T ( T O N S I L L I T I S , P H A R Y N G I T I S ,

L A R Y N G I T I S ) .

PRETEXT ASSIGMENTS.

Exercise 1. Practice the pronounciation:

Tonsillitis [,tonsi'laitis], pharyngitis [,færin'dʒaitis], laryngitis [,lærin'dʒitis], ailment [eilment], serious ['siərəs], even ['i:vən], laden [leidn], palatine ['pælətain], lacunar [ləkju:nə], catarrhal [kə'ta:rel], threatening ['Өretniŋ], emaciation [i,meisi'e∫ən], hazardeous ['hæzədəs], submaxillary [sΛb'mæksiləri], coarse [kɔ:s], hoarseness [hɔ:snis], scratchy ['skræt∫i], uvula ['ju:vjulə], honey ['hΛni], larynx [læriŋks], pharynx ['færiŋks], disphagia [dis'feidʒiə], aphonia [ə'founiə], sudorific [sjudə'rific], antipyretic ['æntipairetic], dyspnea [dis'pni:ə]

Exercise 2. Topic vocabulary:

Particle - laden air — сильно запыленный воздух (воздух, отягощенный частицами)

Coal dust - угольная пыль

Pharynx - глотка

Larynx - гортань

Tonsil - миндалина

Hoarseness - охриплость

Coarse - грубый (о голосе, о пище)

Pungent - острая, едкая (еда)

On swallowing - при глотании

Spicy food - острая (пикантная) пища

Hazardeous - опасный

Ailment - заболевание

Emaciation - истощение, изнурение

Exhaustion - изнеможение

Antipyretic — жаропонижающее средство

Expectorant — отхаркивающее средство

То gargle one's throat with solution of sodium bicarbonate - полоскать горло раствором питьевой соды;

Salt-free diet - бессолевая диета

Sudorific - потогонное средство

Raspberry - малина

Honey - мёд.

Exercise 3. Match the following English word combinations with the Russian ones:

1. similar diseases 1. загрязнение воздуха

2. predisposal factors 2. зависеть от охлаждения

3. air pollution 3. дождливая погода

4. moist weather 4. схожие заболевания

5. to depend on chilling 5. факторы, предрасполагающие (к)

Exercise 4. Find substitutes for the following.

aspect of physical or mental condition as 1 widespread disease sign of illness

or injury;

either of two small organs on each side of 2 swelling root of the tongue;

protuberance, especially abnormal bulge on 3 pain the body;

widely distributed illness 4 symptom

suffering or distress of body or mind 5 tonsil

Exercise 5. Translate the following word combinations:

Nature of the lesion, acute or true tonsillitis, definite systemic infection, a drastic effect, vital organs of the body, to give rise to something, sore throat, a dry scratchy and burning sensation, subglottic type of laryngitis, to follow salt-free diet, tea infused with raspberries.

Exercise 6. Translate into Russian paying attention to the Passive Voice:

Acute pharyngitis is frequently accompanied by acute tonsillitis.

Mucous membrane is covered with mucopurulent secretion.

The patient is allowered to follow home treatment.

He is also recommended to take antipyretics, expectorants, sulfonamides and sudorifics.

Gagling is most helpful when it is done every hour.

Exercise 7. Read and translate the text:

Diseases of the upper respiratory tract (tonsillitis, pharyngitis, laryngitis).

Tonsillitis, pharyngitis and laryngitis are clinically similar acute infectious diseases. They are the most common ailments among both children and adults.

Most of the time, especially if treated, we recover from these infections without permanent harm. But occasionally an infection will be more serious, even life-threatening. Anything that blocks the airways may be hazardous. Sometimes chronic infections cause permanent tissue damage. Factors predisposing to upper respiratory infections are smoking, breathing particle - laden air - coal dust, air pollution, climate and seasons (in the autumn or early spring), i.e. they depend on chilling.

Tonsillitis is inflammation of the tonsils, especially the palatine tonsillitis, depending on the nature of the lesion: acute or true, catarrhal, follicular and lacunar tonsillitis.

The most widespread is acute tonsillitis which is a definite systemic infection characterized by an acute inflammatory process, primarily in the area of the tonsils. These are at least 200 viruses that can give rise to acute tonsillitis. The bacteria may be inhaled into respiratory passages during contact with patients or they may be acquired through the patient's things (cups, plates, spoons, etc.). When these viruses penetrate into the body of the person with decreased immunity, he develops acute tonsillitis. The most vivid and constant symptom of tonsillitis is pain in the throat. However, this illness may have a drastic effect on many vital organs of the body. There may be enlargement and tenderness of the cervical and submaxillary lymph glands. Catarrhal condition of the throat and larynx are manifested by a coarse, barking cough and hoarseness. The patient feels discomfort on swallowing and earache. The discharges from the throat become purulent causing unpleasant odour from the patient's mouth. This disease is characterized by general weakness, headache and an increase of body temperature to a suffebrile level-37.1—37.5 °C. It decreases the patient's work capacity.

The most frequent complications of acute tonsillitis are rheumatic fever and kidney trouble.

Pharyngitis is inflammation of the pharynx or sore throat. There are various forms of pharyngitis: acute or catarrhal pharyngitis, atrophic, chronic and hypertrophic.

The patient with acute pharyngitis usually complains of slight tenderness or tention in the throat, especially on swallowing. He feels a dry scratchy and burning sensation in the throat and has fever. On examination the physician usually notes redness, swelling and edema of the uvula. Mucous membrane is red and covered with mucopurulent secretion. Acute pharyngitis often preceeds acute tonsillitis or is accompanied by it.

Laryngitis is inflammation of the larynx, a condition attended with dryness and soreness of the throat, hoarseness, cough and dysphagia.

There are different types of laryngitis: acute, catarrhal, croupous, diphtheric, membranous, necrotic, phlegmonous, subglottic, syphilitic, tuberculous and vestibular one.

Acute catarrhal laryngitis is a form characterized by aphonia or hoarseness, pain and dryness of the throat, dyspnea, a wheezy cough and more or less fever.

Treatment of the respiratory diseases of the upper respiratory tract.

The patient is allowered to follow home treatment. He is recommended to take antipyretics, sulfonamides and expectorants, not to speak for 5-7 days and to gargle his throat with a warm solution of sodium bicarbonate, to use inhalations several times a day. The patient must follow salt-free diet, avoid cold food. It must be warm (but never hot). Pungent, coarse, spicy or acid food is not allowered. When the patient suffers from high fever he needs more liquids than usually and is recommended to take sudorific (sweatinducing drinks), such as tea with honey and warm milk with honey.

POST-TEXT ASSIGMENTS.

Exercise 8. Answer the questions:

In what forms does tonsillitis occur?

What are the causative agent of tonsillitis?

How do acute respiratory disorders of the upper respiratory system spread?

Who spreads the disease?

What are complications of acute tonsillitis?

What is pharyngitis?

What common symptoms of acute catarrhal pharyngitis can you name?

What forms of pharyngitis do you know?

What is laryngitis?

What are the doctor's recommendations for the treatment of tonsillitis, pharyngitis and laryngitis?

Exercise 9. Translate into English:

Заболевания верхних дыхательных путей часто происходят в дождливую, сырую погоду.

Боль в горле - это самый яркий и постоянный симптом при остром тонзиллите.

Больной жалуется на острую боль при глотании и ощущение першения, жжения в горле.

Острый ларингит - это вторичное заболевание, характеризующееся острым катаром (catarrh) носа и носоглотки (nasopharynx).

Больной должен полоскать горло тёплым раствором питьевой соды.

Exercise 10. Make up questions to the underlined words:

Mucous membrane is red and covered with mucopurulent suretion.

Bad teeth and chronic inflammation of the tonsils should receive timely treatment.

Acute tonsillitis may have a drastic effect on many vital organs of the body.

The germs may be inhaled into the respiratory passages during contact with patients.

Catarrhal condition of the troat decreases the patient's work capacity.

Exercise 11. Explain the process taking place in the organism of the patient suffering from acute tonsillitis.

Exercise 12. Make up a summary of the text.

Exercise 13. Speak on the following items:

The cardinal symptoms of acute tonsillitis.

The main symptoms of acute pharyngitis.

The course of acute laryngitis treatment.

TEST

1. Tonsillitis, pharingytis and laryngitis are clinically similar acute ... disease.

a) nervous

b) psychic

c) allergic

d) infectious

e) mental

2. They ... the most common ailments among both children and adults.

a) are

b) am

c) have

d) has

e) were

3. Especially if treated, we ... from these infections diseases without permanent harm.

a) recovered

b) was recovering

c) had been recovering

d) recover

e) were recovering

4. Tonsillitis is inflammation of the ...

a) larynx

b) toes

c) tonsils

d) head

e) pharynx

5. This disease is characterized by an increase ... body temperature to a subfebrile level.

a) at

b) of

c) under

d) for

e) on

6. Pharyngitis is inflammation of the pharynx or ... thoat.

a) wide

b) almost

c) normal

d) regular

e) sore

6) Most surgical procedures... at this level.

a) may carry out

b) may be carried out

c) is allowed to carry out

d) might carry out

e) must carry out

7. The roving movements of eyeballs gradually diminish until they are lost... the end of this plane.

a) at

b) in

c) by

d) from

e) of

8. Loss of consciousness results... the reversible reduction of the activity in the reticular activating system.

a) of

b) in

c) from

d) at

e) by

9. When... the second stage of anesthesia...

a) do... begin

b) does... begin

c) begins

d) were... beginning

e) have... begun

10. How many stages of anesthesia are known for us?

a) 1

b) 2 c) 4

d) 5

e) many stages

9. D I S E A S E S O F T H E L O W E R

R E S P I R A T O R Y T R A C T

PRE-TEXT ASSIGNMENT

Exercise 1. Practice the pronunciation:

pneumonia [ nju:məunjə ], bronchitis [ brəῃ'kaitis ], bronchi ( bronkia – pl ) [`brəῃkai (`brənkiə)], exudate [ eksju:'deit ], coarse [ kə:s ], hoarseness [hə:snis],

tenacious [ ti'nei∫əs ], exposure [ iks'pəuʒə ], sinusitis [ 'sainəsaitis ], indulgence [ in'dΛldʒəns ], warrant [ wərənt ], residual [ ri'zidjuəl ], annoying [ ə'nə:iŋ ], majority [ mə'dʒəriti ].

Exercise 2. Topic vocabulary:

edematous – отечный

tenacious – вязкий, липкий

coarse – грубый, жесткий

atelectasis – ателектаз, коллапс ( острая сосудистая недостаточность)

to encounter – встретить(ся)

indulgence – увлечение

exposure- подвергание (риску)

warrant – являться основанием

residual – остаточные явления

annoying - беспокоящий, раздражающий

Exercise 3. State the suffixes in the following words and translate them.

the nouns: efficiency, slowness, division, usage, inhibition, tiredness, significance, development, difference, infancy, closure, passage;

the adjectives: medical, pulmonary, different, cortical, respiratory, various, specific, primary, considerable, effective, extensible, Italian;

the verbs: summarize, communicate, analyse, dilate.

Exercise 4. Match the following English word combinations with the Russian ones:

1. congestive heart failure – стадия, предшествующая заболеванию

2. residual bronchitis – общее недомогание

3. prodromal stage – застойная сердечная недостаточность

4. general malaise – неотъемлемая часть

5. integral part - остаточный брoнхит

Exercise 5. Translate into your native language paying attention to the modal verbs.

1.You can see the patient in the consulting room. 2. She must be on a strict diet to be strong and healthy. 3. The bad tooth had to be filled in time. 4. Local tenderness may occur in pleurisy. 5. We will be able to rest on Sunday. 6. The patient is allowed to walk about the room. 7. The students were not able to make the diagnosis themselves. 8. We had to summarize and analyze all the findings of our observations. 9. The consolidation in the lung could be revealed by X-ray examination. 10. One should remember that most viruses are destroyed at the temperature of 50-60 within 30-60 minutes.

Exercise 6. Put in the modal verbs or their equivalents and translate them.

1. If you have a bad headache you … take some medicine.

2. The doctor … have your blood analyses to be sure of your diagnosis.

3. For what time … I have an appointment with the doctor?

4. Pulpitis … result in gangrene.

5. What … save a patient’s life in cardiac arrest?

6. The operation … be performed at 10 o’clock yesterday.

7. In order to relieve pain doctors … use pain-killers/

8. As my sister caught a cold she … stay in bed.

9. What … cause serious complications after grippe?

10. The operating-room … be well lighted and ventilated.

Exercise 7. Translate into English:

1.Чтобы бороться с любым инфекционным заболеванием успешно, доктор должен знать его происхождение. 2. Покраснение на боковой поверхности руки может исчезнуть после лечения. 3. Доктору следует знать все свойства лекарства до того как назначать его больному. 4. Студентам-медикам будет разрешено оперировать больных только на пятом курсе. 5. Нужно помнить, что количество лейкоцитов возрастает почти при всех заболеваниях.

Exercise 8. Read and translate the text:

DISEASES OF THE LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT

The classic bacterial infections of the lungs are bronchitis and pneumonia which are caused by a variety of microorganisms most of which can be treated effectively now.

B R O N C H I T I S

ACUTE BRONCHITIS. Acute bronchitis is occasionally a primary disease but usually develops as a secondary infection following the common cold, sinusitis, measles, whooping cough, or some other acute illness. It consists of diffuse inflammation of the bronchi, the mucous membrane of which are injected, edematous and covered with a sticky, grayish, mucoid exudates. Productive cough, hoarseness, chills, sweats, fever and general malaise are usually present. They may develop suddenly or gradually. The sputum, at first mucoid, usually becomes purulent and tenacious. Examination of the chest often reveals coarse or fine moist rales and sometimes sonorous sibilant ones. Occasionally there are small areas of atelectasis over which the breath sound may be diminished in intensity. Sometimes there are no physical signs at all. The fever usually subsides within a few days. Its failure to do so brings up for different complications such as sinusitis, bronchopneumonia, measles, whooping cough, typhoid and paratyphoid fevers, chills, sweats and cough.

CHRONIC BRONCHITIS. A chronic cough, productive of mucoid or purulent sputum, with little impairment of the general health, is not uncommonly encountered in persons with asthma, sinusitis, emphysema, over-indulgence in smoking, exposure to dusty atmospheres, or with heart disease producing early manifestations of congestive failure. Chronic bronchitis is never a primary disease and it always warrants determining of its primary cause.

The physical signs of chronic bronchitis consist chiefly of coarse or fine moist rales in addition to signs characteristic to the associated primary condition. Some persons have a predisposition to residual bronchitis of this type which follows every attack of respiratory infection. In persons in later life suffering from the prodromal stages of congestive heart failure “winter-cough” is frequently seen with freedom from symptoms during the summer months.

The prognosis in young persons when the primary cause can be determined and eradicated is favorable but beyond middle life chronic bronchitis is a persistent and annoying disease.

P N E U M O N I A

Pneumonia is an acute inflammatory condition of the lungs caused by bacteria and marked by formation of an exudate in the lung tissue.

The symptoms of pneumonia are following: fever and temperature changes have an irregular course and are caused by the appearance of new foci of inflammation in the pulmonary tissue. Fever persists several weeks and then decreases gradually. The patient”s breathing is rapid with 30-40 respirations per minute. There are breathlessness and cyanosis of the face. The patient complains of the pain in the chest particularly on deep breathing in and cough with purulent sputum. The pulse rate is accelerated and the arterial pressure is reduced. The blood analysis reveals leucocytosis and an accelerated ESR. The urine may contain a small amount of protein and erythrocytes. The X-ray examination of the lungs reveals numerous foci of inflammations. But after a course of treatment the prognosis is favourable.

In recent years the introduction of specific means of therapy for the majority of cases pneumonia has brought about a profound change in thought concerning the acute pulmonary infections.

A few years ago primary emphasis was placed upon the pathologic changes which developed in the lung. Today these changes are considered much less important than the accurate determination of the etiologic agent.

Except in acute lobar pneumonia, clinical findings rarely permit an etiologic diagnosis to be made at the bedside. Even in lobular pneumonia when the pneumococcus may logically be suspected in most cases, anyone of forty-one different types of pneumococci may be responsible.

Thus, the bacteriologic examination of the sputum must be considered an integral part of the study of patients with pneumonia.

POST – TEXT ASSIGNMENTS

Exercise 9. Answer the questions:

1. What are the classic bacterial infections of the lungs?

2. Is acute bronchitis a primary disease?

3. What are symptoms of acute bronchitis?

4. What does the examination of the chest reveal?

5. What are complications following bronchitis?

6. What is the prognosis of bronchitis?

7. What is pneumonia caused and marked by?

8. Do the symptoms of bronchitis and pneumonia coincide? What is the difference?

9. How many types of pneumococci exist?

10. What is an integral part of the study of patients with pneumonia?

Exercise 10. Translate the following word combinations into English and make up 5 sentences of your own:

Вызывать заболевание, причина заболевания, значительное изменение, менее важный, поставить диагноз, в большинстве случаев, вторичная инфекция, влажный кашель, очаг воспаления, при глубоком вдохе, старше среднего возраста.

Exercise 11. Give the English equivalents of the words in brackets. Translate the sentences.

1. Bronchitis ( вызывать ) by a ( множество ) of microorganisms.

2. Acutе bronchitis is occasionally ( первичное заболевание ).

3. ( Мокрота ) usually becomes ( гнойной и вязкой ).

4. The symptoms of chronic bronchitis consist chiefly of ( жесткий или влажный ) rales.

5. The prognosis of the disease ( у молодых людей ) is favorable but (старше среднего возраста ) it has a persistent character.

6. Pneumonia is ( острый воспалительный ) condition of the lungs.

7. In acute lobar pneumonia ( клинические данные ) rarely permit (поставить диагноз ) at the bedside.

8. ( Сухие хрипы ) caused by diffuse bronchitis were heard all over the lungs.

9. The shadow at the base of the left lung was particularly marked due to the ( увеличение лимфатических желез ).

10. ( Тяжелые формы ) of pneumonia are difficult ( отличить от ) tuberculosis.

Exercise 12. Insert prepositions:

1. The patient complained … numbness in his right hand.

2. Scientists consider that poliovirus enters the body … mouth or nose.

3. Surface waters may be contaminated … chemical and biological substances.

4. Local anesthetics may be divided … two groups according … their action.

5. The patient survived the operation … cholecystitis well.

6. Cholera is an acute infection … alimentary tract due … the cholera vibrio.

7. She cares … Anatomy and pays great attention … this subject.

8. He graduated … the medical institute … last year.

Exercise 13. Speak on the following items:

The main symptoms of acute bronchitis.

The cardinal signs of chronic bronchitis.

The course of pneumonia.

Exercise 14. Give a summary of the text.

TEST

1. What are the symptoms of acute bronchitis?

a) inflammation of the abdomen, purulent sputum

b) inflammation of the tonsils and throat

c) general weakness, headache

d) productive cough, hoarseness, chills, fever, rales in the lungs

e) sore throat edema of the uvula

2. The physical sings of chronic bronchitis consist chiefly of ... in addition to signs characteristic to the associated primary conditions.

a) congestive heart failure

b) attack of respiratory infection

c) coarse or fine moist rales

d) sinusitis

e) emphysema of lungs

3. ... middle life chronic bronchitis is a persistent and annoying disease

a) in

b) at

с) after

d) on

e) beyond

4. In persons ... later life suffering from the prodromal stages of congestive heart failure "winter-cough" is frequently seen.

a) in

b) at

c) after

d) on

e) beyond

5. Acute bronchitis usually ... as a secondary infection.

a) developed

b) develops

с) has been developing

d) was developed

e) is developing

6. The sputum, at first mucoit, usually ... purulent and tenacious.

a) became

b) becomes

с) has become

d) had become

e) becoming

7. A few years ago primary emphasis ... upon the pathologic changes which developed in the lungs.

a) has been placed

b) had become

c) was placed

d) was placing

e) is placed

8. ... are the classical bacterial infections of the lungs?

a) where

b) when

c) who

d) what kind of

e) what

9. ... the symptoms of bronchitis and pneumonia coincide?

a) does

b) are с do

d) is

e) were

10. Except in acute lobar pneumona, clinical findings rarely permit an etiological diagnoses to be made ...

a) at a polyclinic

b) at the bedside

c) at a hospital

d) at a therapeutic department

e) at home

1 0 . G A S T R I T I S

Exercise 1. Practice the pronunciation:

Catarrh [kә ´ta:]

Catarrhal [kә ´ta:l]

Indicreation [indis ¢kre∫әn]

Enteritis [entә ¢ raitis]

to superadd [s(j)u:pәr¢æd]

to supervene [s(j)u:pә¢vi:n]

pyorrhea [ paiә ´ riә]

diminution [dimi¢ nju: ∫әn]

lavarge [´lævidʒ]

favour [´feivә]

Bicarbonate [bai 'ka:bənət]

Sodium [soudiəm]

Tumblerful ['tmbləful]

Adequate [' ædikwət]

Anorexia [ænə 'reksiə]

Exercise 2. Topic vocabulary:

Catarrh – катар

Catarrhal – катаральное воспаление

Indicreation – неблагоразумный поступок, нескромность

Enteritis – энтерит

to superadd – добавлять сверх (чого-либо); дополнять

to supervene – прибавлять, дополнять

pyorrhea – выделение(истечение) гноя

diminution – уменьшение, сокращение

lavarge – лаваж, промывание, орошение

favour – поддерживать, благоприятствовать

Bicarbonate – двууглекислый

Sodium – натрий

Tumblerful – полный стакан

Adequate – соответствующий, достаточный

Anorexia – анорексия (отсутствие аппетита)

Throughout – по всему, повсюду

Exercise 3. Find the stem in the following words. Point out prefixes and suffices.

Excitement, scientific, triumphantly, source, aching, typhoid, cholera, disappear, survival, restless, sleepy, post-operative, doubtful, removal, midline, mucous, perfusion, curettage, avoidance, illegal, warning, blindness

Exercise 4. Form nouns from the given words with the help of the given suffices. Give some more examples of your own. Translate them into Russian.

-ness: weak, ill, polite, like…

-ment: develop, require, measure …

-ion(ation): examine, incise, oblige …

-al: remove, revive, arrive …

-ty(ity); ety(ity): cruel, stupid, artificial…

-ship: comrade, relation, ownership …

-ing: begin, feel, greet …

-ance(ence): differ, important, absent …

-hood: brother, child, mother …

-th: wide, deep, long …

Exercise 5. Form words with the help of negative prefixes:

Comfort, advantage, appear, fortunately, eatable, dependence, ability, patience, proper, logical, regularity, reversible, solve, proper, comfort, order, depend, dramatic, desirable, connect, possible, responsible, valid.

Exercise 6. Give Russian equivalents to the following English ones. Use them in sentences of your own.

catarrhal gastritis

indiscretions in food or alcoholic drinks

contaminated food

serious consequences

mastication of food

excessive secretion of mucus

absence of hydrochloric acid

essential in treatment

gastric lavage

administration of a teaspoonful

a tumblerful of warm water

in adequate amount

in chronic patients

Bad dietary habits

the next best substitute

Exercise 7. Match medical terms with the proper definitions:

1. Diarrhea 2. Enteritis 3. Anorexia 4. Diet 5. Mucus 6. Gastritis 7. Lavage 8. gastroenteritis 9. gastric juice 10. secretion

1. Washing out a body cavity, such as the colon or stomach, with water or a medical solution. 2. Inflammation of the small intestine, usually causing diarrhea. 3. Inflammation of the stomach and intestine. It is usually due to acute infection by viruses or bacteria or food-poisoning toxins and causes vomiting and diarrhea. 4. Frequent bowel evacuation or the passage of abnormally soft or liquid feces. 5. Inflammation of the lining (mucosa) of the stomach. 6. The liquid secreted by the gastric glands of the stomach. Its main digestive constituents are hydrochloric acid, mucin, rennin, and pepsinogen. 7. The mixture of foods that a person eats. 8. A viscous fluid secreted by mucous membranes. 9. Loss of appetite. 10. The process by which a gland isolates constituents of the food or tissue fluid and chemically alters them to produce a substance that it discharges for use by the body or excretes.

Exercise 8. Translate into Russian. Pay attention to the sentences with Absolute Participle Construction.

In acute cholecystitis an attack of pain is usually preceded by physical and mental overstrain, sharp physical movements or abnormalities in diet, fatty food and alcohol being responsible for the onset of pain.

Of the total number of the patients forty-eight have been relieved of digestive symptoms, four having died of other pathologic condition.

Three patients have had symptoms of recurrence, one having died of a gastro-intestinal bleeding.

Pain may radiate to the right shoulder, right arm, sternum, and lumbar area, its intensity depending on the form of cholecystitis and the patient’s sensitivity.

Gastric and duodenal ulcers having been proved to result from disturbances in the central nervous system, the corticovisceral theory of pathogenesis of ulcer was developed.

Exercise 9. Read and translate the text:

GASTRITIS

Acute gastritis. Acute gastritis (catarrhal gastritis) is due to a great variety of causes. Common varieties in practice are the result of indiscretions in food or alcoholic drinks; but contaminated food, “chill" and scarlet fever in its acute stage may also induce very acute gastric catarrh. The inflammation may spread downwards to cause acute gastroenteritis. The cardinal symptom of acute gastritis is vomiting and when enteritis is superadded diarrhea also supervenes.

Chronic gastritis. Chronic gastritis is regarded as an important and by no means infrequent disease. Accurate diagnosis is essential. It is important to treat this disease in as early a stage as possible, not only for the immediate disabilities which arise but still more for the serious consequences such as carcinoma, which may possibly result from it. Much of the treatment is essentially prophylactic and consists in the removal of such well-known causes as alcoholism, oral sepsis (especially pyorrhea) and deficient mastication of food (from bad habits or lack of teeth). The cardinal symptoms and signs of an established case which demand treatment are:

1. Vomiting, especially in the morning and associated always with an excessive secretion of mucus into the stomach.

2. Diminution or frequently complete absence of hydrochloric acid in the gastric juice. The prime causes favoring continuation of the disease having been removed, the first essential in treatment is gastric lavage carried out always before breakfast and in the severe cases at intervals during the day, before meals. Treatment by lavage is continued until improvement is manifest when its use can be gradually discontinued. If lavage is for any reason impossible, the next best substitute is the administration of a teaspoonful or more of sodium bicarbonate in a tumblerful of warm water in the morning and again before meals throughout the day.

Hydrochloric acid is so commonly greatly diminished or absent in an untreated case of chronic gastritis that some effort is generally made to remedy the deficiency. It is known that after gastric lavage for some weeks the secretion of hydrochloric acid frequently returns in adequate amount.

3. Anorexia is common in chronic patients especially in the morning when there is a great excess of mucus in the stomach. Later in the day the appetite generally improves. Bad dietary habits are common in these patients. The prescribed diet should be arranged so that attractive small meals are provided at frequent intervals.

POST-TEXT ASSIGNMENTS:

Exercise 10. Answer the following questions.

1. What causes may induce acute gastritis?

2. What may cause acute gastroenteritis?

3. What are the cardinal symptoms of acute gastritis?

4. Is it important to treat acute gastritis in as early a stage as possible? Why?

5. What does the treatment of chronic gastritis consist of?

6. What cardinal symptoms and signs of an established case demand treatment?

7. When does vomiting in chronic gastritis usually occur?

8. What acid is frequently absent in the gastric juice in chronic gastritis?

9. What is the first essential in treatment of chronic gastritis?

10. When does the secretion of hydrochloric acid frequently return to adequate amount?

11. When does anorexia occur?

12. What diet should be arranged for the patients with bad dietary habits?

Exercise 11. Complete the following sentences using the text.

Acute gastritis (catarrhal gastritis) is due to…

Common varieties in practice are the result of indiscretions in…

… may spread downwards to cause acute gastroenteritis.

The cardinal symptom of acute gastritis is … is superadded diarrhea also supervenes.

… is essential.

Much of the treatment is essentially prophylactic and consists in the removal of such well-known causes as …

Vomiting… and associated always with an excessive secretion of mucus into the stomach.

If lavage is for any reason impossible, the next best substitute is the administration … in the morning and again before meals throughout the day.

Anorexia is common in chronic patients especially in the morning ….

…should be arranged so that attractive small meals are provided at frequent intervals.

Exercise 12. Read the sentences and say whether the following ones are true to the text:

Acute gastritis (catarrhal gastritis) is due to a great variety of causes.

The inflammation may spread downwards to cause acute cholecystitis.

The cardinal symptom of acute gastritis is belching and when enteritis is superadded constipation also supervenes.

Chronic gastritis is regarded as an important and by no means frequent disease.

Much of the treatment of chronic gastritis is essentially prophylactic.

The cardinal symptoms and signs of an established case which demand treatment are vomiting, diminution and anorexia.

Vomiting occurs especially in the morning and is always associated with an excessive secretion of blood into the stomach.

Diminution or frequently complete presence of hydrochloric acid in the gastric juice.

Gastric lavage carried out always after breakfast and in the severe cases at intervals during the day, after meals.

Treatment by lavage is continued until improvement is manifest when its use can be gradually discontinued.

Exercise 13. Explain the following diseases in English:

Acute gastritis; peptic ulcer, chronic gastritis; pancreatitis, enteritis; gastroenteritis

Exercise 14. Translate the following word combinations.

Ряд причин, полное отсутствие соляной кислоты, вредные привычки, злоупотребление алкогольными напитками, чрезмерная секреция слизи, выполнять орошение полости, проявлять улучшение, полный стакан тёплой воды, в течение дня, соответствующее количество жидкости, улучшать аппетит, профилактическое лечение, выделение гноя из полости, энтерит, никоим образом.

Exercise 15. Put questions to the underlined members of sentences.

Acute gastritis (catarrhal gastritis) is due to a great variety of causes.

The inflammation may spread downwards to cause acute gastroenteritis.

Much of the treatment is essentially prophylactic and consists in the removal of such well-known causes as alcoholism, oral sepsis and deficient mastication of food .

The first essential in treatment is gastric lavage.

Gastric lavage is carried out always before breakfast and in the severe cases at intervals during the day, before meals.

It is known that after gastric lavage for some weeks the secretion of hydrochloric acid frequently returns in adequate amount.

Later in the day the appetite generally improves.

If lavage is for any reason impossible, the next best substitute is the administration of a teaspoonful or more of sodium bicarbonate in a tumblerful of warm water in the morning and again before meals throughout the day.

Exercise 16. Use the verbs in brackets in the appropriate forms of Participles. Translate them into Russian.

The patient (to survive) the operation well, the danger of peritonitis was eliminated.

Cholecystitis is known to occur rarely in isolated condition, inflammatory process both in the intrahepatic and extrahepatic ducts, sometimes with the involment of the liver (to aassociate) with it.

The biochemical blood analysis is known to reveal some changes, they (to result) from the effect of toxic substances in the liver.

Recovery is achieved by surgical treatment, it (to follow) by prolonged antibiotic therapy and chemotherapy.

My friend (to suffer) from a severe toothache, I advised him to go to the dentist.

Exercise 17. Translate into English:

Когда была сделана срочная операция по поводу гангренозного аппендицита, у больного были сняты все болезненные симптомы.

Когда обильное желудочное кровотечение было остановлено, была устранена опасность для жизни больного.

Так как нарушения пищеварения присутствовали длительное время, пациенту назначили строгую диету, несодержащую жиры.

Когда врач пальпировал печень, болезненность отмечалась на три пальца ниже реберного края.

Нарушения функций печени и жёлчных протоков часто обнаруживаются после заболеваний желудочно-кишечных заболеваний, причём проявляется чаще всего гастрит.

Так как наружное кровотечение было сильным, больного немедленно отвезли в больницу.

Иногда желчнокаменная болезнь сопровождается осложнениями, причем развитие холецистита является наиболее частыми.

После того, как хирург обнаружил опухоль в надчревной области, была назначена срочная операция.

Так как оставалось еще полчаса до операции, пациента еще раз осмотрел врач.

Если прободная язва двенадцатиперстной кишки сопровождается обильным кровотечением, срочно назначают операцию.

Exercise 18. Speak about:

Acute gastritis.

Chronic gastritis.

Cardinal symptoms of them.

Treatment of Acute gastritis and Chronic gastritis.

Exercise 19. Topic vocabulary:

NOUNS	VERBS	ADJECTIVES
Indiscretion Disability Consequence Pyorrhea Mastication Diminution Lavage Interval Anorexia Excess Habit Removal Deficiency Substitute Mucus Severity Manifestation Tumblerful	To be due to To induce To be superadded To supervene To regard To arise To result from To demand To remove To discontinue To improve To provide To arrange To contaminate To return To substitute To manifest To prescribe	Catarrhal Cardinal Accurate Essential Immediate Deficient Excessive Mucous Severe Adequate Common Dietary Attractive Chronic Hydrochloric Complete frequent infrequent

TEST:

1. Acute gastritis (catarrhal gastritis) is due … a great variety of causes.

a. from

b. to

c. on

d. in

e. off

2. Common varieties in practice are the result of indiscretions in food or alcoholic drinks; but contaminated food, “chill" and scarlet fever in … acute stage may also induce very acute gastric catarrh.

a. its

b. it’s

c. her

d. his

e. your

3. The inflammation may … downwards to cause acute gastroenteritis. The cardinal symptom of acute gastritis is vomiting and when enteritis is superadded diarrhea also supervenes.

a. spreads

b. spread

c. is spreading

d. to spread

e. to be spread

4. Chronic gastritis is regarded as an important and by no means … disease.

a. frequent

b. common

c. general

d. infrequent

e. rare

5. It is important to treat this disease in as early a stage as possible, not only for the immediate disabilities which arise but still more for the serious consequences such as…, which may possibly result from it.

a. oleoma

b.pappiloma

c. myolipoma

d. dentinoma

e. carcinoma

6. Much of the treatment is essentially prophylactic and consists in … of such well-known causes as alcoholism, oral sepsis (especially pyorrhea) and deficient mastification of food (from bad habits or lack of teeth).

a. the removal

b. the insertion

c. the resection

d. the implantation

e. the grafting

7. The prime causes favoring continuation of the disease… , the first essential in treatment is gastric lavage carried out always before breakfast and in the severe cases at intervals during the day, before meals.

a. have been removed

b. has been removed

c. having been removed

d. to have been removed

e. had been removed

8. Treatment by …is continued until improvement is manifest when its use can be gradually discontinued.

a. lavement

b. lavation

c. irrigation

d. ablution

e. lavage

9. If lavage is for any reason impossible, the next best substitute is the administration of a teaspoonful or more of … in a tumblerful of warm water in the morning and again before meals throughout the day.

a. sodium benzoate

b. sodium chloride

c. sodium fluoride

d. sodium bicarbonate

e. sodium sulfate

10. …is so commonly greatly diminished or absent in an untreated case of chronic gastritis that some effort is generally made to remedy the deficiency.

a. Hydrocyanic acid

b. Hydrochloric acid

c. Hydroiodic acid

d. Hydrosulfuric acid

e. Hydroxyacetic acid

1 1 . G O I T E R

Exercise 1. Practice the pronunciation:

Thyroid ['θairɔid], iodine ['aiəudi:n], mountainous ['mauntinəs], survey ['sə:vei], cretinism ['kretinizm], impairment [im'pεəmənt], dwarfism ['dwɔ:fizm], fortify ['fɔ:tifai], require [ri'kwaiə]

Exercise 2. Topic vocabulary:

Goiter - зоб

Lack (of) - недостаток

To require - требовать

Soil - почва

To affect - поражать

Community – группа лиц, живущих в одной местности, общество

Stillbirth – рождение мертвого плода

Miscarriage - выкидыш

Dwarfism - карликовость

Impairment - нарушение

To fortify – укреплять, усиливать

To result in – приводить к

Exercise 3. Give Russian equivalents:

Noncancerous enlargement, the most common cause, mountainous regions, iodine deficiency, mental impairment, brain damage, mental retardation, swollen salivary glands, a runny nose

Exercise 4. Form new words and translate them:

-Y: run, rain, sun, wind, fun, fog

-MENT: enlarge, impair, develop, achieve

Exercise 5. Recall formation of degree of comparison. Give English equivalents to the following words:

Беднее, самый распространенный, самый лучший, меньше, больше, реже, больше (в размере)

Exercise 6. Read and translate the text:

GOITER

A goiter is a noncancerous enlargement of the thyroid gland in the front of the neck. Many conditions can cause goiter, but the most common is a lack of sufficient iodine in the diet, which is usually a result of the soil in which food is grown being iodine-poor—a condition that occurs in many mountainous regions away from the sea. Iodine is required for the production of thyroid hormones, which regulate the body's metabolism.

About 740 million people have goiters, but the percentage varies greatly by region (eastern Mediterranean: 32%; Africa: 20%: Europe: 15%; Southeast Asia: 12%; western Pacific: 8%; the Americas: 5%). Surveying communities for goiter is one of the best ways of detecting iodine deficiency, which, if not treated, can cause stillbirths, miscarriages, cretinism, mental impairments, deafness, and dwarfism.

Iodine deficiency is the most common preventable cause of brain damage and mental retardation, affecting about 50 million people worldwide. However, these disorders have been tremendously reduced simply by using table salt fortified with iodine.

Adults require at least 20 micrograms of iodine daily, but 150 micrograms is recommended. Seafood is excellent source, while the iodine content of other foods varies depending on animal feed and soil. Iodism (iodine poisoning) is a rare condition that results in weakness, swollen salivary glands, a metallic taste in the mouth, and a runny nose.

POST-TEXT ASSIGNMENTS

Exercise 7. Answer the questions:

What is goiter?

What is required for the production of thyroid hormones?

What is the most common cause of goiter?

Where is the highest percentage of goiter?

What can goiter cause?

How much iodine do adults require daily?

What is the excellent source of iodine?

Exercise 8. Continue the sentences:

The most common cause of goiter is … .

Thyroid hormones … .

Surveying communities for goiter is … .

If not treated goiter can cause … .

Iodine deficiency affects … .

Seafood is … .

Exercise 9. Translate into English:

Морские продукты – лучший источник йода.

Самый высокий процент зоба в районе восточного Средиземноморья.

Йод необходим для выработки гормонов щитовидной железой.

Самой распространенной причиной зоба является недостаток йода в питании.

Взрослому необходимо, по крайней мере, 20 микрограмм йода ежедневно.

Зоб – это раковое увеличение щитовидной железы впереди шеи.

Самый лучший способ выявления недостатка йода – это осмотр населения.

Exercise 10. Give English equivalents of the following word combinations:

Умственная отсталость, повреждение мозга, горные районы, плохая почва, увеличение щитовидной железы, столовая соль, отравление йодом, редкое состояние, металлический вкус во рту, опухшие слюнные железы.

Exercise 11. Find 7 words formed by conversion:

E.g. play– to play

Exercise 12. Open the brackets and use verbs in the correct tense and voice:

The number of goiter cases ( to vary) greatly by region.

Iodine ( to require) for the production of thyroid substances.

Thyroid hormones (to regulate) the body”s metabolism.

Iodine deficiency ( to affect) about 50 milloion people worldwide.

Iodine deficiency (can, to cause) mental impairments, miscarriages, cretinism, etc.

The table salt (to fortify) with iodine.

A lack of sufficient iodine in the diet (to result from) the iodine-poor soil in which food is grown.

Exercise 13. make up questions to the underlined words:

Adults require 20 micrograms of iodine daily.

Iodism is a rare condition.

Iodism results in weakness, swollen salivary glands and a runny nose.

Iodine is required for the production of thyroid hormones.

Many conditions can cause goiter.

About 740 million people have goiter.

A lack of sufficient iodine in the diet occurs in many mountaneous regions.

Exercise 14. Explain the following terms in English:

hormone

thyroid

deafness

miscarriage

Exercise 15. DISEASES. Choose the correct answer

1. She died after a long … .

a) disease b) failing c)illness d) sickness......

2. The doctor had three ... of nose-bleeding in the same day.

a) aspects b) cases c) examples d) illnesses

3. He still suffers from a rare tropical disease which he ... while in the Congo, a) contracted b) gained c) infected d) received

4. My grandmother is very old and is not ...very good health.

a.) from b)in c)on d)with

5 .The teachers at the school went ... with flu one after another.

a) down b) off c) out d) under

6.Malaria is ... by the female mosquito.

a) broadcast b) sent c) transmitted d) transported

7 .Mary is in bed with a ... attack of flu.

a) hard b) heavy c) large d) severe

8.My brother was ...ill yesterday and is now in hospital.

a) broken b) caught c) fallen d) taken

9.The school is half empty as a serious epidemic of measles has broken ... .

a) down b)in c)out d)up

10.Several ...of malaria have been reported.

a) cases b) doses c) occurrences d) types

11. To our ...Mary's illness proved not to be as serious as we had feared.

a) anxiety b)eyes c) judgement d) relief

12. He ... a rare disease when he was working in the hospital.

a) caught b) infected c) suffered d)took

13 .My headaches are usually brought ...by worry.

a) in b)on c) up d) out

14.The doctor examined him carefully and ... influenza.

a) concluded b) decided c) diagnosed d) realised

15.Some diseases ...quickly from one person to another.

a) catch b)getabout c)move d) spread

16. Tropical diseases are comparatively ... in Poland

a) few b)rare c) scarce d) slight

TEST

1. A goiter is … of the thyroid gland.

a) mental impairment

b) inflammation

c) noncancerous enlargement

d) calcium deficiency

e) diminution

2. Iodism is a … condition.

a) frequent

b) rare

c) periodic

d) chronic

e) acute

3. The most common cause of goiter is …

a) overweight

b) lack of iron

c) lack of calcium

d) underweight

e) lack of iodine

4. Iodine is required for the production of …

a) erythrocytes

b) leucocytes

c) thyroid hormones

d) thrombocytes

e) proteins

5. Brain disorders have been tremendously reduced by noing … fortified with iodine.

a) iron

b) calcium

c) vitamin D

d) meat

e) table salt

6. Adults require at least … micrograms of iodine daily.

a) 5

b) 10

c) 15

d) 20

e) 30

7. Iodine deficiency affects mainly …

a) physical condition

b) mental sphere

c) movement

d) running

e) diet habits

8. … is excellent source of iodine.

a) wet soil

b) vegetables

c) fruit

d) seafood

e) vitamins

9. A lack of sufficient iodine in the diet is a result of …

a) wet soil

b) dry soil

c) uncultivated soil

d) iodine-poor soil

e) soil rich in fertilizers

10. Thyroid hormones regulate …

a) respiratory functions

b) body’s metabolism

c) reproduction

d) excretory function

e) mental activities

1 2 . O B E S I T Y

Exercise 1. Practice the pronunciation:

burden [bə:dn]

quite [kwait]

necessity [nə 'sesiti]

succumb [sə 'km]

premature ['premətə]

furthermore ['fə:ðəm:]

obese [ə 'bi:s]

obesity [ə 'bi:siti]

exceed [ik 'si:d]

curtailed [k: 'teiəld]

overindulgence [əvərin 'dldʒən(t)s]

hazard ['hæzəd]

injurious [in 'dʒuəriəs]

secured [si 'kjuəd]

maintaining [mein 'teiniY]

balance ['bælən(t)s]

consumption [kən 'smpən]

advance [əd 'va:n(t)s]

whereas [weər 'æz]

emphasized ['em(p)fəsaizd]

realize [' riəlaiz]

Exercise 2. Topic vocabulary:

Burden ноша, тяжесть, груз, бремя

Necessity необходимость, неизбежность

Unnecessary ненужный, излишний

Due обусловленный, должный, надлежащий

Due to Вследствие, благодаря, из-за, в связи

To be due to обуславливаться

To succumb умереть

Premature преждевременный

Furthermore к тому же, кроме того

Obese тучный, страдающий ожирением

To exceed превышать, превосходить

To curtail сокращать, укорачивать, лишать

Overindulgence злоупотребление, чрезмерное увлечение

Hazard шанс, риск, опасность

Injurious вредный, несправедливый

To secure обеспечивать, добиваться, достигать

To maintain поддерживать, удерживать, сохранять

Consumption потребление, расход

Intake потребление

To tend иметь склонность

Output выход, выработка, объём, отдача

Diminution уменьшение, сокращение

To convince убеждать, уверять, доводить до сознания

To advance продвигаться вперёд

Whereas тогда как, несмотря на

To emphasize придавать особое значение

To realize ясно понимать, представлять себе

Exercise 3. Give Russian equivalents to the following English ones:

Heavy burden, shortening of the life span, premature death from, average or below average, obese individuals, retention of normal weight, preventive medicine, the energy requirement of the body, a daily caloric intake, a positive energy balance, dietary habits, excessive amounts of starchy food, compensative diminution, risk in overindulgence, normal gain of weight, consumption of food, to burn the excessive fat, to be due to the efforts.

Exercise 4. Choose the proper definitions for the terms:

1. fat 2. food 3. habit 4. retention 5. overweight 6. obesity

1. Substance taken in to maintain life and growth. 2. A substance that contains one or more fatty acids and is the principal form in which energy is stored by the body. 3. The condition in which excess fat has accumulated in the body, mostly in the subcutaneous tissue. 4. Inability to pass urine, which is retained in the bladder. 5. Above the weight allowed or desirable. 6. A sequence of learned behavior occurring in a particular context or as a response to particular events.

Exercise 5. Find the stem in the following words. Point out prefixes and suffices.

Physically, hopefully, necessity, extremity, shortening, blindness, sleeplessness, unnecessary, unfortunately, discomfort, in-patient, overweight, unalterable, treatment, punishment, decreased, inferiority, fatty, instigation, overindulgence, injurious, unknown, disinfection, irreversible, possibly.

Exercise 6. Form words with the help of negative prefixes. Translate into English.

Dis- like, function, connect, agree

Un- fortune, necessary, forgettable, reliable

In- different, human, visible, dissolution, effective

Im- possible, practical, mobile, moral

Ir- regular, responsible, relevant, resistible

Mis- understand, translate, place, pronounce, carriage

Mal- nutrition, formation, position, treatment

Exercise 7. Read the following words according to the rules of reading:

[n] - station, resolution, institution, dissolution, introduction, session, discussion;

[tә] - nature, picture, future, lecture, creature, rupture, puncture, fracture, mixture;

[әs] - dangerous, viscous, numerous, obvious, nervous, infectious, previous, serious.

Exercise 8. Revise grammar material. Translate into Russian. Pay attention to the sentences with Complex Subject.

The patient is supposed to have been discharged from the hospital.

He is thought to suffer from pneumonia.

Leucocytosis is known to develop in inflammation.

They seem to study Biochemistry.

He appears to suffer from tuberculosis.

The pain proved to be sharp on physical exertion.

The doctor is likely to discharge this patient next week.

Acute appendix is sure to be removed immediately to prevent its rupture which may result in peritonitis.

Exercise 9. Read and translate the text:

OBESITY

Overweight, particularly in individuals past middle life, is a burden which many persons carry about quite without necessity. In many instances, this heavy burden will result in a definite shortening of the normal life span; they are more likely to succumb to premature death from coronary thrombosis, from diabetes, or from infections, such as pneumonia or cholecystitis, as well as many other diseases, than persons in the same age group whose weight is average or below average. Furthermore, the obese individual suffers from unnecessary fatigue, from heat intolerance, and from arthritis, as well as from other serious discomforts, much more commonly than do persons of normal weight. Thus, the prevention of obesity and the retention of normal weight is a matter of importance in the field of preventive medicine.

The important factor in production of overweight is a daily caloric intake which exceeds the energy requirement of the body — in brief; the fat person eats too much rich food.

A positive energy balance may be due to a variety of causes: one of the important factors is dietary habits. Some people tend to eat excessive amounts of starchy or fatty foods. The overweight of persons past middle life is almost always the result of the decreased energy output of the individual, as the years advance, with no compensative diminution in diet intake. People over 50 eat as much as they did at 20, although their activities are greatly curtailed. Probably the most common cause of overweight is the fact that individuals overeat because they enjoy food, and do not realize that there is any risk in overindulgence.

Prevention of overweight centers is teaching each individual that overweight, particularly with increasing age, is an unnecessary hazard to a normal life. The person must be convinced that the "normal" gain of weight with increasing age is injurious, in a direct ratio to the degree of increase of weight to increasing age.

The other essential educational feature that must be emphasized is that weight reduction can best be secured by maintaining a slow and gradually progressive negative energy balance. In other words, the daily consumption of food should be slightly less than the energy demands of the body. Thus, the body will burn the excess fat in place of food.

POST-TEXT ASSIGNMENTS:

Exercise 10. Answer the following questions.

At what age may overweight frequently occur?

What diseases do obesity usually result in?

What serious conditions does an obese individual suffer from?

What is a matter of importance in the field of preventive medicine?

Why is a daily caloric intake important factor in production of overweight?

What causes may a positive energy balance be due to?

What is the most common cause of overweight?

Why do the persons over 50 more frequently suffer from this heavy burden?

What do the prevention of overweigh centers teach obese individuals?

By what can weight reduction best be secured?

Exercise 11. Join the parts of the sentence in the column A with the correct ones in the column B.

1. Overweight will result in … 2. The obese individuals are more likely to succumb to premature death from … 3. Furthermore, they suffer from … 4. The prevention of obesity and the retention of normal weight is … 5. A daily caloric intake exceeds the … 6. A positive energy balance may be due to … 7. The overweight of persons past middle life is almost always the result of … 8. The person must be convinced that… 9. The daily consumption of food should be … 10. The body will …

1. …the "normal" gain of weight with increasing age is injurious. 2. …the energy requirement of the body. 3. …unnecessary fatigue, heat intolerance, and arthritis, as well as other serious discomforts. 4. …a matter of importance in the field of preventive medicine. 5. …burn the excess fat in place of food. 6. …slightly less than the energy demands of the body. 7. …a definite shortening of the normal life span. 8. …coronary thrombosis, diabetes, or infections, such as pneumonia or cholecystitis, as well as many other diseases. 9…. dietary habits. 10. …the decreased energy output of the individual.

Exercise 12. Put questions to the underlined members of sentences.

In many instances, overweight will result in a definite shortening of the normal life span.

The obese individual suffers from unnecessary fatigue, from heat intolerance, and from arthritis, as well as from other serious discomforts.

The prevention of obesity and the retention of normal weight is a matter of importance in the field of preventive medicine.

The important factor in production of overweight is a daily caloric intake which exceeds the energy requirement of the body.

A positive energy balance may be due to a variety of causes.

The overweight of persons past middle life is almost always the result of the decreased energy output of the individual.

Probably the most common cause of overweight is the fact that individuals overeat because they enjoy food, and do not realize that there is any risk in overindulgence.

The body will burn the excess fat in place of food.

Exercise 13. Use the verbs in brackets in the appropriate tense. Translate them into Russian.

Overweight, particularly in individuals past middle life, is a burden which a person (to carry) about quite without necessity.

Positive energy balances (to be due to) a variety of causes.

Obese individuals are more likely (to succumb) to premature death from coronary thrombosis, from diabetes, or from infections, such as pneumonia or cholecystitis.

The obese individuals (to suffer) from unnecessary fatigue, from heat intolerance, and from arthritis.

It’s known that a daily caloric intake (to exceed) the energy requirement of the body.

They knew, that some people (to tend) to eat excessive amounts of starchy or fatty foods.

People over 50 eat as much as they did at 20, although their activity (to be greatly curtailed).

Preventions of overweight centers (to teach) each individual that overweight, particularly with increasing age, is an unnecessary hazard to a normal life.

Exercise 14. Match Russian word combinations in column A with English ones in the column B.

A. B.

избыточная масса тела caloric food

тяжелое бремя excessive amount

продолжительность жизни premature death

преждевременная смерть overweight

непереносимость тепла heavy burden

профилактика ожирения dietary habits

калорийная пища life span

пищевые привычки prevention of obesity

чрезмерное количество heat intolerance

Exercise 15. Translate into English:

Известно, что тучность встречается у людей после 40 лет.

Вероятно, что ожирение сможет повлиять, в большой степени, на сокращение продолжительности жизни.

Оказалось, что причиной скоропостижной смерти этого тучного пациента был коронарный тромбоз.

Вряд ли, человек с нормальным весом будет страдать от ожирения.

Утверждают, что поддержание нормального веса и профилактика ожирения являются главной задачей превентивной медицины.

Несомненно, что у человека, который потребляет большое количество жирной пищи, нарушится энергетический баланс.

Считают, что люди переедают, потому что они наслаждаются пищей, при этом, они не осознают, что это может привести к злоупотреблению.

Вероятно, что этому тучному пациенту назначат низкокалорийную диету, которая не будет содержать большого количества жира и крахмала.

Вряд ли, организм сможет сжечь такое большое количество жира самостоятельно.

Известно, для того, чтобы диета была сбалансированной людям, склонным к ожирению, не рекомендуют употреблять высококалорийную пищу ежедневно.

Exercise 16. Explain the following diseases in English:

Coronary thrombosis; diabetes; pneumonia; cholecystitis; obesity.

Exercise 17. Be ready to speak on the following items:

The main causes of obesity.

The cardinal symptoms of obesity.

Preventive measures of obesity.

Exercise 18. Topic vocabulary:

Nouns	Verbs	Adjectives
Overweight Burden Necessity Life span Intolerance Obesity Retention Intake Habits Output Diminution Overindulgence Hazard Consumption Excess	Carry about Succumb Suffer from To exceed To be due to To be curtailed To be convinced To be secured To emphasize To demand To require To realize	Premature Average Obese Unnecessary Preventive Dietary Excessive Starchy Compensative Injurious

TEST

1. Overweight, particularly …individuals past middle life, is a burden which many persons carry about quite without necessity.

a. at

b. on

c. from

d. by

e. in

2. In many instances, this heavy burden will result in a definite shortening of the normal life span; they … to premature death from coronary thrombosis, from diabetes, or from infections, such as pneumonia or cholecystitis, as well as many other diseases, than persons in the same age group whose weight is average or below average.

a. are more likely to succumb

b. are more likely to be succumb

c. are more likely to be being succumb

d. is more likely to succumb

e. am more likely to succumb

3. …, the obese individual suffers from unnecessary fatigue, from heat intolerance, and from arthritis, as well as from other serious discomforts, much more commonly than do persons of normal weight.

a. Further

b. Furthermost

c. Furtherance

d. Furthermore

e. Furthest

4. Thus, the prevention of obesity and the retention of normal weight is a matter of importance in the field of… .

a. prenatal medicine

b. preventive medicine

c. physical medicine

d. postclinical medicine

e. preserving medicine

5. The important factor in production of overweight is a daily caloric intake which exceeds the energy requirement of the body — in brief; the fat person eats … rich food.

a. too many

b. too little

c. too small

d. too big

e. too much

6. A positive energy balance … a variety of causes: one of the important factors is dietary habits.

a. might be due to

b. may be due to

c. may due to

d. may to be due to

e. may be due

7. People … eat as much as they did at 20, although their activities are greatly curtailed. Probably the most common cause of overweight is the fact that individuals overeat because they enjoy food, and do not realize that there is any risk in overindulgence.

a. over 20

b. over 30

c. over 40

d. over 50

e. over 60

8. Prevention of overweight centers … each individual that overweight, particularly with increasing age, is an unnecessary hazard to a normal life.

a. teaching

b. is teaching

c. be teaching

d. to be teaching

e. is being teaching

9. The person must be convinced that the … with increasing age is injurious, in a direct ratio to the degree of increase of weight to increasing age.

a. "increased" gain of weight

b. "permanent" gain of weight

c. "normal" gain of weight

d. "gradual" gain of weight

e. "decreased" gain of weight

10. The other essential educational feature that must be emphasized is that weight reduction … by maintaining a slow and gradually progressive negative energy balance.

a. can best be secured

b. could best be secured

c. can best is secured

d. can worst be secured

e. can best to be secured

1 3 . A C U T E N E P H R I T I S

Exercise 1. Practice the pronunciation:

Appendiceal [əpən'disiəl], media ['mediə], glomeruli [glə'merulai], nitrogen ['naitrədʒən], hematuria [hi:mə'tujəriə], albuminuria [ælbju:mi'njuəriə], albuminuric [ælbju:mi'njuərik], oliguria [ɔli'guriə], edema [i'di:mə], feature ['fi:t∫ə], Hg [hai'fra:rdʒirəm], lesion ['liʒ(ə)n]

Exercise 2. Topic vocabulary:

To precede – предшествовать

Predisposing – предрасполагающий

Glomerulae tufts –громерулярные пучки

Lesion – поражение

Predominant – преобладающий

To line – выстилать

To involve – вовлекать

Retention – задержка

Outflow – истечение

Scanty – скудный

Oliguria – отсутствие выделения мочи

Eye fundus – глазное дно

Cast – цилиндр (урол)

To be responsible for – быть ответственным за

To look for – искать

To overlook – просмотреть, не заметить

Exercise 3. Find Russian equivalents to the following word combinations:

Suppurative lymph nodes, predominant role, chief changes, acute infection, renal inflammation, clinical features, scanty outflow of urine, unfavourable prognosis, grave sign, extensive involvement of the kidney, mild edema, rare cases, pus cells.

Exercise 4. Match medical terms with the proper definitions

1) kidney 1) any disorder of metabolism causing excessive thirst

and the production of large volumes of urine;

2) nephritis 2) a substance derived from creatine and creatine

phosphate in muscles;

3) urine 3) either of a pair of tubes, 25—30 cm long, that conduct

urine from the pelvis of kidneys to the bladder;

4) stone calculus 4) the branch of medicine concerned with the study,

investigation and management of diseases of the

kidney;

5) diabetes 5) the fluid excreted by the kidneys- which contains many

of the body's waste products;

6) ureter 6) a hard pebble-like mass formed within the body,

particularly in the gallbladder or anywhere in the

urinary tract;

7) creatininc 7) either of the pair of organs responsible for the

excretion of nitrogenous wastes, principally urea, from

the blood;

8) nephrology 8) Bright's diseases — inflammation of the kidney

Exercise 5. Read and translate the text:

ACUTE NEPHRITIS

Etiology. Acute infections practically always precede the onset of acute nephritis. Diphtheria, measles, chicken-pox, suppurative lymph glands, chills, appendiceal abscess, or almost any infection in the body may be responsible for nephritis, but tonsillitis, septic sore throat, and otitis media are the main predisposing diseases.

Pathology. Acute glomerular nephritis is not merely a disease of the kidney, but may involve various systems of the body as well as the glomerulae tufts. The term "acute glomerular nephritis" is used, because the capillaries of the glomeruli are practically always the site of the initial lesion. The chief changes occurring in acute glomerular nephritis are swelling and disintegration of the endothelial cells which line the capillaries of the tufts. The process is a diffuse one involving all glomeruli in the tufts.

Symptoms. Following an acute infection, for example, an upper respiratory infection, the patient may develop the clinical picture of acute nephritis within a period of from two to eight days. The classical textbook picture of hematuria, hypertension, edema, and nitrogen retention is not always present; in fact, it seldom is. Only the rare cases present the typical well-known clinical features. More often the patient has only evidences of renal inflammation as shown by the urine examination. Albuminuria, red blood cells, pus cells, and casts in the urine are frequently the only signs, and are often overlooked if symptoms are absent. Edema, hypertension, and nitrogen retention may be present or absent. Disturbances of urination characterized by a scanty outflow of urine or even complete anuria may be present.

Hypertension is the most characteristic symptom. If hypertension makes its appearance and the blood pressure keeps rising little by little after the renal disease is in progress, this is a sign of unfavourable prognosis. Sometimes the blood pressure rises rapidly to 200/ 120 mm Hg. The eye fundus in these cases often shows evidences of the so-called albuminuric retinitis. This is a grave sign, though some of these patients do recover.

Edema is not an important syndrome unless it makes its first appearance after the disease is in progress for a week or two. Sometimes the edema is very mild and hardly recognized by the examining physician.

The rise in the nonprotein nitrogen is a sign of renal insufficiency. Frequently the rise is rapid in the early stages of acute anuria.

POST-TEXT ASSIGNMENTS

Exercise 6. Answer the quesions:

What always precedes the onset of acute nephritis?

What are the main predisposing diseases?

Why is the term acute glomerular nephritis used?

Where is the site of the initial lesion?

What is the clinical picture of acute nephritis?

How are ecidences of renal inflammation shown?

What are disturbances of urination characterized by?

What is sign of unfavourable prognosis?

Exercise 7. Find English equivalents to the following word combinations:

Лимфатические узлы, любая инфекция, различные системы организма, место первоначального поражения, угрожающий жизни симптом, обширное вовлечение, незначительный отек, диффузный процесс, неблагоприятный прогноз.

Exercise 8. Find antonyms to the following words in the text:

Severe, chronic, rare, lower, partial, favourable, last, slow, late, unknown

Exercise 9. Translate the sentences:

Клиническая картина острого нефрита развивается в течение 2-8 дней.

Типичные клинические признаки острого нефрита редки.

Анализ мочи показывает эритроциты, гной и цилиндры.

Гипертония является самым характерным симптомом.

Иногда давление поднимается до 200/120 мм рт.ст.

Основные изменения происходят в эндотелиальных клетках, они разбухают и распадаются.

Exercise 10. Make the sentences negative:

Acute glomerular nephritis is a very serious disease.

The patient has evidences of renal inflammation in urine examination.

The onset of edema indicates an extensive involvement of the kidney.

Disturbances of urination are characterized by a scanty outflow of urine.

Any infection in the body may be responsible for nephritis.

The patient may develop the clinical picture of acute nephritis within a period of 2-8 days.

Exercise 11. Tell what do you mean by the terms:

retinitis

anuria

abscess

hematuria

Exercise 12. HEALTH. The following problems and pieces of advice have got all mixed up. Can you match them correctly?

1. I keep getting headaches. a. Good, you needn't come back for a month.

2. I can't get into my clothes. b. You really must stop smoking.

3. I can't sleep at night. c. Perhaps you should have an eye test.

4. My eyes are often sore and I d. You ought to do more exercise— it's very

sneeze a lot. relaxing.

5. I'm going to Nepal on business. e. You'll have to have a few injections.

6. I've got a bad stomach. f. You shouldn't eat so much fried food.

7. I feel much better now, doctor. g. You really must lose some weight.

8. I've got a terrible cough. h. You should have some allergy tests.

TEST

1. Acute inflections always precede the … of acute nephritis.

a) end

b) course

c) onset

d) development

e) cessation

2. … plays the predominant pole in the cause of acute glomerular nephritis.

a) pneumococci

b) staphylococci

c) H pylori

d) streptococci

e) coma-shaped bacteria

3. The patient may develop the clinical picture of acute nephritis within a period of …

a) 1-2 hours

b) a day

c) 1-2 days

d) 2-8 days

e) a week

4. More often the patient has only evidences of renal inflammation as shown by the …

a) blood analyses

b) sputum examination

c) urine examination

d) hemoglobin tests

e) bilirubin tests

5. … is the most characteristic symptom of acute nephritis.

a) hematuria

b) oliguria

c) anemia

d) albuminuria

e) hypertension

6. … is not an important syndrome in acute nephritis.

a) inflammation

b) edema

c) dysuria

d) albuminuria

e) dyspnea

7. The eye fundus shows evidences of … in elevation of blood pressure in acute nephritis.

a) conjunctivitis

b) hemorrhage

c) albuminuric retinitis

d) blood spots

e) edema

8. The chief changes occurring … acute glomerular nephritis are swelling and disintegration of the endothelial cells.

a) with

b) at

c) in

d) on

e) by

9. Disturbances of urination is characterized … a scanty outflow of urine.

a) with

b) in

c) at

d) on

e) by

10. Sometimes the blood pressure rises rapidly … 200 / 120 mm Hg.

a) at

b) to

c) toward

d) by

e) with

1 4 . N E P H R O L I T H I A S I S

Exercise 1. Practice the pronunciation:

Nephrolithiasis [nefrəliθi'eisis], calculi ['kælkjulai], pyelonephritis [paiələuni'fraitis], gravel ['græv(ə)l], rough [rΛf], hydronephrosis [haidrəni'frəusis], ureter [juə'ri:tə], excruciating [iks'kru:∫ieitiŋ], stasis ['stæsis], anuria [ə'njuəriə], uremia [juə'ri:miə], ensue [in'sju:]

Exercise 2. Topic vocabulary:

Calculus (calculi) – камень (камни)

Gravel – гравий, галька

Stag-horn - разветвленный

Rough – грубый, неровный

Persistent - длительный

Flank – бок, сторона

Groin - пах

Soreness - чувствительность

Intermittent - периодический

To ensue – следовать

Excruciating - мучительный

Exercise 3. The following list gives you the suffixes from which most common conditions and operations are derived.

Suffixes:

— itis...........inflammation of — ostomy.........the formation of a

— osis..........a condition of new opening

— otomy….an opening into — plasty......... a reformation of

— ectomy…excision of — gram.......... an X-ray picture of

— oma.........a tumor of

Make up as many terms as possible and explain their meaning as in the example:

Tracheotomy – a surgical incision into the trachea

Exercise 4. Choose the correct definitions to the following terms:

1) calculus 1) obstruction and infection of the kidney resulting in pus

formation;

2) obstruction 2) denoting stoppage of a flow of liquid, stagnation;

3) renal (adj.) 3) a term indicating the blockage of a body vessel. It may

by caused by foreign objects by naturally formed«stones»

(gallstones);

4) pyonephritis 4) relating to or affecting the kidney;

5) stasis 5) a stone a hard pebble-like mass formed within the body,

particularly in the gall bladder or in the urinary tract.

Exercise 5. Read and translate the text:

NEPHROLITHIASIS

The manifestations of renal calculi are extremely variable. In many instances stones are carried in the kidneys for years without producing any symptoms. More commonly, a mild infection develops in the pelvis about the stone and gradually involves the cortex of the kidney until a severe pyelonephritis develops. If the stone is large, or several are present, the infection may progress to pyonephrosis, resulting in the destruction and ultimate loss of the kidney.

The size of a calculus varies from very small gravel to a large stag-horn stone which may fill the renal pelvis. Calcium oxalate stones usually are small, dark, rough and hard, while calcium phosphate stones tend to be soft, white, chalky and frequently stag-horn in shape. Migration of a stone may cause obstruction with resultant stasis, infection and clinical manifestations. Persistent or repeated obstruction leads to pyonephrosis or hydronephrosis. When a stone enters and obstructs the ureter, renal colic occurs. There is excruciating pain which originates in the back of flank and radiates across the abdomen and into the groin, genitals and inner aspect of the thigh. There may be nausea, vomiting, sweating, frequency, urgency of urination, chills and shock. Examination reveals slight soreness over the involved kidney and ureter, spasm of the abdominal muscles, albuminuria and microscopic haematuria.

Intermittent or persistent obstruction to the flow of urine leads to stasis, infection, hydronephrosis and renal destruction if the obstruction is bilateral, anuria and uremia ensue.

POST-TEXT ASSIGNMENTS

Exercise 6. Answer the following questions on the text:

1. What may cause obstruction with resultant stasis?

2. Does persistent obstruction lead to pyonephrosis?

3. Where does the pain radiate across?

4. When does renal colic occur?

5. Is persistent obstruction a cause of stasis?

6. Is passage of vesical calculi usually complicated?

7. What may be produced by vesical calculi?

8. Is it easy to reveal cysteine stones by X-ray examination?

Exercise 7. Read the text and say whether the following statements are true to the text.

1. When a stone enters and obstructs the ureter, renal colic does not occur.

2. Intermittent or persistent obstruction to the flow of urine leads to stasis, infection, hydronephrosis and renal destruction.

3. Calcium oxalate stones usually are small, white, rough and not hard.

4. The pain in case of calculi originates in the back or flank and radiates across the abdomen and into the groin.

5. There may be only nausea and vomiting in calculi.

Exercise 8. Give English equivalents of the following word combinations:

Полная потеря, во многих случаях, мелкая галька, повторная закупорка, мучительная боль, небольшая чувствительность, почечная колика, клинические проявления, разнообразные проявления, частое мочеиспускание, разрушение почки

Exercise 9. Find in the text the missing part of the following sentences and translate the whole sentence:

More commonly, a mild infection develops in the pelvis about the stone and… .

When a stone enters and obstructs the ureter… .

Calcium oxalate stones usually are small, dark, rough and hard, while calcium phosphate stones tend to be… .

Examination reveals slight soreness over the involved kidney and ureter… .

Intermittent or persistent obstruction to the flow of urine leads to stasis… .

Exercise 10. Translate into English:

Во многих случаях камни в почках могут быть годами, не вызывая симптомов.

Размер камней разнообразен.

Движение камня может вызвать закупоривание протоков.

Почечные колики возникают в том случае, когда камень закупоривает уретру.

Почечная колика может сопровождаться тошнотой, рвотой, частым мочеиспусканием, ознобом и проч.

Стойкое закупоривание потоку мочи ведет к застою, инфекции и гидронефрозу.

Exercise 11. Make the following sentences interrogative:

The manifestations of renal calculi are extremely variable.

In many instances stones are carried in the kidneys for years.

Persistent or repeated obstruction leads to pyonephrosis or hydronephrosis.

Calcium oxalate stones usually are small, dark, rough and hard.

Migration of a stone may cause obstruction with resultant stasis.

Exercise 12. Insert modal verbs:

If the stone is large, the infection …. Progress to pyonephrosis.

You … check up your kidneys. Your urinalysis is not good.

Examination … reveal slight soreness over the involved kidney.

If the obstruction to the flow of urine is bilateral, anuria and uremia … ensue.

You … be hospitalized immediately, your condition is very severe.

Exercise 13. Explain the following terms in English:

a) pyelonephritis

b) chill

c) urine

d) albuminuria

Exercise 14. Repeat DISEASES. Choose the best answer.

1. Children with ... diseases should not be allowed to go to school.

a) constant b) contact c) infectious d) influential

2. He has ... bronchitis. He has suffered from it for many years,

a) chronic b) durable c) fatal d) mortal

3. I have been advised to take every ... against catching flu again this winter, a) precaution b) prediction c) premeditation d) prevention

4. After the outbreak of a mysterious illness, investigation revealed ..... of the town's water supply.

a)contagion b) eruption c) infiltration d) pollution

5. Apart from the ...cough and cold, I have been remarkably healthy all my life.

a) irregular b)odd c) opportune d) timely

6.Smallpox, once responsible for millions of deaths, has been virtually ... .

a) abolished b) eradicated c) erased d) exterminated

7.Unless we take immediate precautions, we shall not be able to ... the epidemic.

a)contain b) destroy c)hold d) staunch

8. Peter can't play with the children next door because he is still in ... with measles.

a) confinement b) detention c) seclusion d) quarantine

9. The outbreak of whooping cough among children under 5 has now reached

.. .proportions.

a) contagious b) endemic c) epidemic d) pathological

10. My little daughter is not allowed to play with her friends next door because one of them is suffering from a ... disease.

a) contagious b) contiguous c) touching d) transmitting

11. An illness that is caused by the mind is known as ... illness.

a) an acute b) a congenital c) a familial d) a psychosomatic

12.She suffers from a morbid fear of spiders, known to doctors as ... .

a) agoraphobia b) arachnophobia c) claustrophobia d) xenophobia

TEST

1. The manifestation of renal calculi are...

a) rare

b) frequent

c) constant

d) variab le

e) unchangeable

2. In many instances stones are carried in the kidneys for...

a) hours

b) days

c) years

d) weeks

e) several minutes

3. More commonly, a mild infection develops in the pelvis ab out the stone and involves... of the kidney.

a) nephron

b) calyx

c) cortex

d) artery

e) medulla

4. The infection may progress to...

a) cancer

b) pyonephrosis

c) nephritis

d) pyelonephritis

e) glomerulonephritis

5. Calcium oxalate stones usually are...

a) small and hard

b) large and soft

c) irregular

d) enormous

e) tiny

6. Migration of a stone may cause ... with resultant stasis, infection and clinical neanifestations.

a) ilens

b) inflammation

c) necrosis

d) cyanosis

e) ob struction

7. When a stone enters and ob structs the ureter, ... occurs.

a) inflammation

b) renal colic

c) necrosis

d) ilens

e) nephritis

8. Persistent or repeated ob struction leads to...

a) nephritis

b) pyelonephritis

c)glomeronephritis

d) pyonephrosis

e) acute inflammation.

9. Examination reveals... over the involved kidney and ureter.

a) acute pain

b) severe inflammation

c) slight soreness

d) oozing

e) no pain

10. Anuria and uremia ensue if the ob struction is...

a) unilateral

b) ilateral

c) partial

d) complete

e) long-term

1 5 . A C U T E P Y E L O N E P H R I T I S

Exercise 1. Practice the pronunciation:

Pyelonephritis [paiələuni'raitis], dysuria [dis'juəriə], bimanual [baimænjəl],

Pyuria [pai'juəriə], bacteriuria [bæktiəri'juəriə], demonstrable ['demənstrəbl],

papillary [pə'piləri], though [∂əu]

Exercise 2. Topic vocabulary:

Shaking chill - сотрясающий озноб

Frequency – частота (мочеиспускания)

In addition to – в добавлении к

Pyuria – гной в моче

Appropriate treatment – соответствующее лечение

To be capable of – способный

Apparently – очевидно, несомненно

To provide - обеспечивать

To subside – убывать, понижаться

Exercise 3. The following are terms referring to some types of diseases. Combine the corresponding ones:

1) inflammation of the urethra; 1) glomerulonephritis;

2) bacterial infection of the kidney substance; 2) pyelonephritis;

3) a disease of the kidneys resulting in 3) urethritis;

the syndrome of acute nephritis;

4) an inherited disorder, transmitted as 4) polycystic disease of the

an autosomal dominant, in which the kidney

substance of both kidneys is largely

replaced by numerous cysts.

Exercise 4. Compose adverbs and nouns and translate them:

-LY: general, rapid, occasional, slow, permanent, apparent

-TION: add, palpate, obstruct, manifest, continue

Exercise 5. Find Russian equivalents of the following word combinations:

Generalized tenderness, lumbar region, considerable proportion, symptom-free intervals, appropriate antibiotic treatment, bimanual palpation, urinary obstruction, continuing evidence, subclinical continuation, aching pain

Exercise 6. Read and translate the text:

ACUTE PYELONEPHRITIS

The symptoms of acute pyelonephritis generally develop rapidly over a period of a few hours or a day or two. The characteristics are aching pain in the lumbar region and fever which may be high, often with shaking chills. There may be nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea or, occasionally, constipation. Dysuria and frequency are also common.

On physical examination in addition to fever and some generalized tenderness of the muscles, the key finding is tenderness on deep pressure in one or both of the costovertebral areas or on bimanual palpation of the kidney region. Occasionally, this sign is absent.

Except in individuals with papillary necrosis or urinary obstruction, the manifestation of acute pyelonephritis usually subside within days, even without specific antibacterial therapy. The patient becomes symptom-free although laboratory tests may show that bacteriuria with or without pyuria is still present. When pyelonephritis is severe, fever subsides more slowly and may not disappear for several days, even after appropriate antibiotic treatment has been started.

Most persons recover completely and permanently after attack of acute pyelonephritis, but in a considerable proportion of cases there are repeated attacks, at irregular intervals, sometimes over a period of many years; between these attacks the patient may be symptom-free. Bacteriuria and pyuria are often demonstrable during these symptom-free intervals. Infection in any part of the urinary tract is capable of subclinical continuation for months or years, during which a patient may have no symptoms and may live an apparently normal life, even though urine cultures provide continuing evidence of active infection.

POST-TEXT ASSIGNMENTS:

Exercise 7. Answer the questions:

How long do the symptoms of acute pyelonephritis develop?

What are the characteristic symptoms of acute pyelonephritis?

What is the key finding on physical examination?

How long does the manifestation of acute pyeolnephritis last?

What may laboratory analyses show even when the patient is symptom-free?

Is the recovery after the attack of acute pyeolnephritis complete?

Exercise 8. Approve or contradict:

— the patient becomes symptom-free although laboratory tests may show that bacteriuria with pyuria is still present;

— the symptoms of acute pyelonephritis are: fever, vomiting and aching pain in the lumbar region;

— when pyelonephritis is severe, fever subsides more slowly and may not disappear for several days, even after appropriate antibiotic treatment has been started;

— bacteriuria and pyuria are absent in case of acute pyelonephritis;

— infection in any part of the urinary tract is capable of subclinical continuation for months or years.

Exercise 9. Finish the sentences using information from the text:

The symptoms of acute pyelonephritis generally develop … .

The key finding on physical examination is … .

Within days the patient becomes symptom-free although laboratory tests may show … .

The manifestation of acute pyelonephritis usually subside … .

Most persons recover … and … .

Infection in any part of the urinary tract is capable of … .

In a considerable proportions of cases there repeated attacks, sometimes over….

Exercise 10. Give English equivalents of the following word combinations:

Проявление острого пиелонефрита, поясничная область, закупорка мочевых путей, культура мочи, бессимптомное продолжение, специфическое антибактериальное лечение, дальнейшее доказательство, ноющая боль, при глубоком надавливании, несколько дней.

Exercise 11. Translate the sentences:

1.Признаки острого пиелонефрита развиваются быстро, в течение нескольких часов или нескольких дней.

2.Особенностями болезни являются ноющая боль в поясничной области и лихорадка, которая может быть высокой, часто с ознобом.

3. Может быть тошнота, рвота, диарея, иногда, запор.

4.Большинство людей выздоравливает полностью после приступа острого пиелонефрита.

5.Инфекция в любой части мочевых путей способна к бессимптомному продолжению в течение многих месяцев или лет.

6. В течение этого периода пациент может не иметь никаких признаков, и может жить нормальной жизнью.

7. Культуры мочи дает дальнейшие доказательства активной инфекции.

Exercise 12. Make questions to the underlined words:

The symptoms of acute pyelonephritis generally develop rapidly.

On physical examination the key finding is tenderness on deep pressure.

Most persons recover completely after attack of acute pyelonephritis.

Laboratory tests may show bacteriuria.

The characteristic features are pain in the lumbar region and fever.

The manifestations of acute pyelonephritis usually subside within days.

Fever subsides slowly.

Exercise 13. Explain in English what is:

pyelonephritis

pyuria

bacteriuria

urinary obstruction

Exercise 14. The following are terms referring to some types of diseases. Match the types with their definitions.

1. acute a. indicating hypersensitivity to particular foods, kinds of

pollen, insect stings, etc.

2. allergic b. caused by mental stress

3. chronic c. coming sharply to a crisis

4. congenital d. lasting for a long time

5. contagious e. due to disturbances in anabolic and catabolic processes

6. familial f. transmitted genetically from parent to child

7. infectious g. caused by improper diet

8. metabolic h. spread by bacteria or viruses

9. nutritional i. present from of before birth

10. psychosomatic j. spreading by physical contact

TEST

1. Generally the symptoms of acute pyeolnephritis develop … .

a) slowly

b) gradually

c) suddenly

d) rapidly

e) frequently

2. Acute pyelonephritis is characterized by aching pain in … .

a) coccyx

b) lumbar region

c) sacral region

d) thoracic region

e) abdomen

3. On physical examination the key finding is tendernes … .

a) on auscultation

b) on palpation

c) on percussion

d) on deep pressure

e) on exertion

4. The manifestation of acute pyelonephritis usually subside … .

a) in a week

b) within days

c) in several weeks

d) in a month

e) in several months

5. … persons recover completely and permanently after the attack of acute pyelonephritis.

a) few

b) a few

c) most

d) all

e) very few

6. The patient becomes symptom-free although laboratory tests may show … .

a) albuminuria

b) hematuria

c) viruses

d) bacteriuria

e) cocci

7. Bacteriuria and pyuria are often demonstrable … symptom-free intervals.

a) at

b) during

c) in

d) for

e) with

8. Some generalized tenderness of the muscles may be … bimanual palpation of the kidney region.

a) on

b) at

c) in

d) for

e) over

9. There are repeated attacks … irregular intervals.

a) in

b) on

c) with

d) by

e) at

10. Infection in any part of the urinary tract is capable of … subclinical continuation.

a) in

b) of

c) by

d) with

e) at

1 6 . I N F E R T I L I T Y

P R E – T E X T A S S I G N M E N T

Exercise 1. Practice the pronunciation :

Experience [iks'piəriəns], hypothalamic [haipoѲə'læmik], distinguish [dis'tiŋgwi∫], genitourinary ['dʒenitəjuərinəri], repair [ripeə], accumulate [ə'kju:mjuleit], chromosome ['krouməsoum], correlation [kоrilei∫n], technique [tek'ni:k], exposure [iks'pouʒə], adequate ['ædikwit], hypothyroidism [haipo'Ѳairoidizm], diaper ['daiəpə], caffeine ['kæfii:n].

Exercise 2. Topic vocabulary:

pregnancy - беременность

conceive - забеременеть

unreversable - необратимый

irradicate - устранять

decline - спадать, сокращать

sibling - кровный родственник, сибс, родной брат (сестра)

genitourinary – мочеполовой

repair - восстанавливать

correlation – взаимосвязь, взаимодействие

environmental hazards – вредные факторы окружающей среды

discord - раздоры

anxiety – беспокойство

Exercise 3. Find antonyms to the following words:

Gradually, to increase, to diminish, mild, internal, onset, to accomplish, to improve, physical, benign, to doubt, to leave

( to be sure, malignant, mental, to come, rapidly, to rise, to decrease, external, to rise, severe, to impair, to begin).

Exercise 4. Translate the following sentences. Pay attention to the Objective Infinitive Construction:

1. We know penicillin to be effective in treating inflammations.

2. Medical personnel know bacteria to be killed by boiling.

3. The surgeon ordered the nurse to bring the patient with open bleeding wound on the leg to the dressing room.

4. The students watched the surgeon make a midline abdominal incision with a scalpel.

5. We know Pirogov to be the first in removing cancer of the mammary gland.

Exercise 5. Change the following complex sentences into simple ones using the Objective Infinitive Construction:

1. Pasteur showed that fermentation was due to living organism.

2. He found that lactic fermentation was caused by bacteria.

3. Many health officers believed that it was necessary to pasteurize milk.

4. Scientists consider polio virus enters the body through the mouth or nose.

5. The physician told the patient’s mother that the boy should remain in bed for at least five days.

Exercise 6. Read and translate the text: