7. Make up questions to the words in italics:

1. In the absence of some form of money, exchange may take the form of barter.

2. As the extent of specialization increases, the barter sys­tem proves very inefficient.

3. A specialist metal worker must seek out a large num­ber of other specialists in order to obtain, by barter, the variety of goods he needs.

4. The alternative is to change his skins for some other article.

5. The use of money makes possible a great extension of the principle of specialization.

6. The use of money allows us to exchange hours of labour for an amazing variety of goods and services.

8. Home reading. Read and translate the text. Suggest the title:

Banknotes and coins are not the most important form of money in developed economies. In the UK about 90%, by value, of all transactions are settled by means of cheques. But cheques themselves are not money, they are merely orders to bankers to transfer money from one per­son to another. The money so transferred consists of bank deposits. If there is no money in the form of a bank deposit then any cheques drawn on that account will be worthless.

Cheques were used as early as the second half of the seventeenth century, but they did not come into general use until the second half of the nineteenth century. The Bank Charter Act of 1844 put strict limitations on the note issue at a time when the output of goods and services was expand­ing rapidly The need for an expansion of the money supply to keep pace with increasing output greatly stimulated the use of bank deposits.

This most developed form of money (i.e. bank deposit) consists of entries in the banks' ledgers, or more likely nowadays, of records on computer tapes. The greater part, in value terms, of the payments made each day are carried out by adjustment made to the totals in different bank deposits. A payment from one person to another merely requires that the banker reduces the amount in one deposit and increases it in another. Transferring money, therefore, has become little more than a kind of bookkeeping exercise; the money itself does not consist of some physical tangible commodity.

Unit 5 the structure and functions of a bank

The English commercial banks have branches in all the major towns and a similar mode of working is common to them all. The owners are the shareholders. At the outset they provide the necessary capital. They are all organized on the joint stock principle and are registered public companies.

The Chairman and Board of Directors are elected by the ordinary shareholders at the Annual General Meeting and are responsible for the efficient management of the bank. The Board is concerned with the overall policy of the bank and the major decisions which put that policy into effect.

The Board will appoint a Managing Director who is directly responsible to them and a member of the Board. They will also appoint the most senior executives who in turn appoint the rest of the clerical staff who will be responsible in different capacities for the day to day running of the bank.

The essence of a bank's activities is the collection of deposits through current accounts and deposit accounts and the use of these funds to provide loans or funds for investment. The current account is the one commonly held and is drawn upon by cheques and standing orders. The deposit account is more in the nature of a savings account. The pattern of investments which a bank decides upon is crucial because, on the one hand, the bank must use the funds wisely to make a profit and, on the other, funds must be available for depositors to withdraw when they wish to do so.

At the end of each business year the Directors recommend and the Annual General Meeting decides how much of the profit should be distributed to the shareholders as dividend, and how much should be retained in the business. In preparation for the Annual General Meeting, a bank publishes its Report and Accounts. These must be sent to every shareholder and are also available for anyone with an interest in the affairs of the bank. From the published accounts shareholders can easily determine the total profits the bank has earned and how much is available for distribution.