Topic 2

1.2 Oxford, Cambridge, the Scottish Universities.

5. Review

1. Industrial Shop Corporation

First European Universities originate from Industrial Shop Corporations (Sorbonne and University of Prague). In this model pupils gathered around the master (teacher) to get the mysteries of trade from hand to hand, by the teacher in person. The teacher had small number of pupils. Nowadays this form of teaching is called Associative Pedagogy.

2. Classical Research University

In the beginning of XIX century Humboldt and Fichte established a new type of University that later became the model of German Classical Research University. That was the formation of a new type of teaching – professor as a scientific knowledge holder and as a teacher who familiarizes students with the true science and art. The teacher shares not just his own experience, but also some kind of universal experience of generations, estranged knowledge. This model was taken into practice by all the European countries and Moscow University established by M. Lomonosov followed this model as well.

3. Factory University Type

Factory University Type is the type of University where science takes the sidelines and, instead of assimilating the scientific basics, students assimilate different systems of knowledge, packed in academic subjects. Students learn about 80-100 academic subjects. One of the defining traits is a teacher-specialist who, following the standard scheme, transfers knowledge estranged from its holder. His task was to prepare hundreds and thousands of specialists who know and can use standard set of actions and procedures. Due to the rapidly developing economy and knowledge growth and complication, boost of professional requirements, this University type is becoming behind the development and losing its positions nowadays, though some Russian Universities still use this model.

4. Supermarket University Type

This model was worked out in American Universities. This type is connected with the credit system of education. Students study academic disciplines and get a number of credits that can be reckoned with another University of the State or even other country. Students get a definite list of disciplines, the majority of which is optional. The more prestigious the University is the more such optional disciplines one can take. There is a kind of educational manager whose job is to supply the process of students` following educational schemes and getting credits and also to control the work of educational mechanism in general. This type is quite flexible and gives conditions for students` independent work.

5. Project University

This type originates in developed countries, especially in the USA in advanced Universities and in best Universities of USSR (Physic Technological University). It supposes familiarizing students with design practice and earl professional training through involving students into the work of the places of their future professional activity after graduation. There is a very slight difference between teachers and students in this type. Team work is necessary here. There are different specialists in this team who have their own goals in the project. It`s important that students get not just universal knowledge, but also project thinking, creativity, communicative and business competence. This type is impossible in mass in large numbers as it is difficult to control.