3. Work in pairs. Make up 5 questions to the text and let your partner answer them.

4. Match the word with its translation. The first one is done for you.

solid	рух
essential	астрономічний
motion	властивість
continua	рідина
celestial	важливий
property	ядро
fluid	безперервність
nuclei	тверде тіло

5. Change qualitative adjectives into the comparative and the superlative degrees and then translate them into Ukrainian:

1. cold, short, clever

2. polite, simple, large

3. hot, big

4. dirty, dry

5. good, bad, old, far

6. Formed with two, three or more syllables adjectives the comparative and the superlative degrees by means of analytical forms (more, most):

difficult, famous, interesting, fascinating, dangerous, boring, relentless.

7. Make up 7 sentences comparing facts from the above text (use: than, much, far, still, as…as)

8. Translate the following words and word combinations into English:

1. Ядерна фізика така ж важлива, як і квантова. 2. Ця теорія значно складніша. 3. Поділ дисциплін не такий складний, як здається. 4.Найцікавіше оповідання. 5. Сьогодні ще холодніше. 6. Нарешті вчені отримали найточніші дані.

9. Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian:

1. There are different sub-disciplines in mechanics. Biomechanics is the most specific.

2. Essential in this respect is the relentless use of mathematics theories, as well as the decisive role played by experiment in generating and testing them.

3. Mechanics is concerned with the motion of physical bodies, and with the forces that cause, or limit, these motions, as well as with forces which such bodies may.

4. Quantum mechanics can be seen as encompassing classical mechanics, as а sub-discipline which applies under certain restricted circumstances.

5. Classical mechanics is far older than quantum mechanics.

UNIT 6

Part 1. Facts about Forces

1. Read the following words and word combinations:

Force, meanings, scientist, definition, accelerate, complicated, gravity, interplanetary, weight, friction, switches, repel, however, electromagnetic, distance

2. Read and translate the text.

Force is a word that has lots of different meanings and different uses. For instance, there is electrical force, the force of gravity, and the force of magnetism. Nuclear force holds atoms together. Another kind of force is mechanical force. The word force means a push or a pull, or to be a little bit more scientific, it means anything that causes the shape or motion of an object to change. The amount of force is measured in units called newtons, named after the scientist Sir Isaac Newton (definition of a Newton: the force required to accelerate a one kilogram object by one meter per second squared).

Force and Motion. Force and motion describe everyday things that are happening all the time. Hundreds of times every day, you use force and motion. Did you just pick up a pencil? – Force and motion. Did you turn a page? – Force and motion. Force and motion are also parts of a complicated branch of science, called physics. Motion means moving something from one place to another. In fact, the word motion is a form of the word move.

Newton's Three Laws of Motion. Sir Isaac Newton is well known for his three laws of motion as well as for other scientific breakthroughs. Here are Sir Isaac Newton's three laws of motion.

Law 1 - An object moving in a straight line will continue moving in a straight line, unless acted on by an outside force. Also, an object at rest will stay at rest. The word for this is inertia.

Law 2 - Force will cause a change in the motion of an object. The change in motion depends on the amount of force and the mass of the object. There is a formula for this F=ma (force equals mass times acceleration).

Law 3 - For each action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

Sir Isaac did some similar experiments when he was testing out his theories.

Gravity is not just a force on planet Earth. Each planet has its own gravity, and each planet's gravity is different. Here on Earth we measure gravity using a scale. Your weight is the measure of gravity's pull on you. Scientists often like to use the word mass instead of weight. For everyday matters, here on Earth, your weight and your mass are the same, but that is not true everywhere! If you ever become an interplanetary traveler, you will see that your weight is different on each planet. This is because a planet's gravity is determined by its own size, or mass. The force of gravity also depends on how close an object is to the center of the planet.

Friction. What is the difference between socks and sneakers? OK – there are a lot of differences, but one difference is that sneakers have a lot more friction than socks. Friction is the force that happens when two things rub together. The effect of friction is usually to slow you down. With less friction, you can move more easily. With more friction, you have to work harder to move the same distance, because the friction slows you down.

Magnetism is the force by which objects are attracted to other objects or repelled by other objects. Magnets have two opposite ends, called poles. The north pole of one magnet will repel, or push away, the north pole of another magnet. The same thing will happen with two south poles. However, the north pole of one magnet will attract, or pull toward itself, the south pole of another magnet ("opposites attract"). Magnetism involves electrons and electricity. This is a complicated topic. Scientists in this field study things like physics, electromagnetic theory, and quantum mechanics. All of these topics depend on advanced mathematics. Electricity is often used to make one type of magnet, called an electromagnet. Electromagnets are made from copper wire coiled around a core. When the current stops, the magnetism stops too. Electromagnets have many practical uses. They are used in relays and switches, computer disc drives, tape drives, speakers, and power door locks. MRI machines in hospitals use magnetism to make a picture of the inside of your body.