4. The newspaper functional style and its stylistic peculiarities in English and Ukrainian.

English newspaper writing dates from the 17^th century. The first of any regular English newspapers was the Weekly News which first appeared in May, 1622. The early English newspaper was principally a vehicle of information. Commentary found its way into the newspapers later. But as far back as the middle of the 18^th century the British newspaper was very much like what it is today, carrying foreign and domestic news, advertisements, announcements and articles containing comments.

Not all the printed materials found in newspapers comes under newspaper style. Only materials which perform the function of informing the reader and providing him with an evaluation of information published can be regarded as belonging to newspaper style.

English newspaper style can be defined as a system of interrelated lexical, phraseological and grammatical means which is perceived by the community as a separate linguistic unity that serves the purpose of informing and instructing the reader. Information in the English newspaper is conveyed through the medium of:

1. brief news items;

2. press reports;

3. articles purely informational in character;

4. advertisements and announcements.

The newspaper also seeks to influence public opinion on political and other matters. Elements of appraisal may be observed in the very selection and way of presentation of news, in the use of specific vocabulary, casting some doubt on the facts recorded, and syntactical constructions indicating a lack of assurance of the reporter or his desire to avoid responsibility. The principle vehicle of interpretation and appraisal is the newspaper article and the editorial in particular. Editorial is a leading article which is characterized by a subjective handling of facts. This purpose defines the choice of language elements which are mostly emotionally colored.

Newspaper style has its specific vocabulary features and is characterized by an extensive use of:

1. special political and economic terms (president, election);

2. non-term political vocabulary (nation, crisis, agreement, member);

3. newspaper cliches (pressing problem, danger of war, pillars of society);

4. abbreviations (NATO, EEC);

5. neologisms.

5. Lingual and cultural peculiarities of advertising in English and Ukrainian.

Advertising Language is characterised by the following features.

In any given advertisement these features may appear or be largely absent, such is the great variety of advertising copy found on promo products such as promotional tote bags and T-shirts. However these features may be said to be typical of advertising in general. even advertisements which do not use the traditional features to attract inform and persuade may be described as being in contrast to the traditional features. Some modern advertisements appear to be almost dissuading consumers from their product - but this is a technique used as a determined way of not conforming to tradition. See Benetton, Marmite.

Hyperbole - exaggeration, often by use of adjectives and adverbs.

Frequent use of adjectives and adverbs

A limited range of evaluative adjectives includes new, clean, white, real, fresh, right, natural, big, great, slim, soft, wholesome, improved ....

Neologisms may have novelty impact, eg Beanz Meanz Heinz, Cookability,Schweppervescence, Tangoed, Wonderfuel ...

Long noun phrases, frequent use of pre and post modifiers for descriptions.

Short sentences for impact on the reader. This impact is especially clear at the beginning of a text, often using bold or large type for the "Headline" or "slogan" to capture the attention of the reader.

Ambiguity is common. This may make a phrase memorable and re-readable. Ambiguity may be syntactic (the grammatical structure) or semantic (puns for example).

Weasel words are often used. These are words which suggest a meaning without actually being specific. One type is the open comparative: "Brown's Boots Are Better" (posing the question "better than what?"); another type is the bogus superlative: "Brown's Boots are Best" (posing the question "rated alongside what?") Look out for the following Weasel words:

helps	like	virtually
enriched	worth	fresh
tested	guaranteed	scientific
traditional	home-made	organic

Use of Imperatives: "Buy Brown's Boots Now!"

Euphemisms :"Clean Round the Bend" for a toilet cleaner avoids comment on "unpleasant" things. The classic exampe is "B.O" for "body odour" (in itself a euphemism for "smelly person")

Avoidance of negatives (advertising normally emphasises the positive side of a product - though see Marmite, Tango, Benetton, for whom it seems that all publicity is good)

Simple and Colloquial language: "It ain't half good" to appeal to ordinary people, though it is in fact often complex and deliberately ambiguous.

Familiar language: use of second person pronouns to address an audience and suggest a friendly attitude.

Present tense is used most commonly, though nostalgia is summoned by the simple past

Simple vocabulary is most common, my mate Marmite, with the exception of technical vocabulary to emphasise the scientific aspects of a product (computers medicines and cars but also hair and cleaning products) which often comes as a complex noun phrase, the new four wheel servo-assisted disc brakes.

Repetition of the brand name and the slogan, both of which are usually memorable by virtue of alliteration, finger of fudge, the best four by four by far; rhyme, mean machine, the cleanest clean it's ever been; rhythm, drinka pinta milka day syntactic parallelism, stay dry, stay happy association, fresh as a mountain stream

Humour. This can be verbal or visual, but aims to show the product positively. Verbal Puns wonderfuel and graphic juxtapositions are common.

Glamorisation is probably the most common technique of all. "Old" houses becomecharming, characterful, olde worlde or unique. "Small" houses become compact,bijou, snug or manageable. Houses on a busy road become convenient for transport. A café with a pavement table becomes a trattoria, moving up market aspires to be a restaurant, too cramped it becomes a bistro. Not enough room to serve it becomes a fast food servery. If the menu is English food it is likely to be traditional, home-bakedor home made; if the menu is French the cake will be gateau, the potted meat paté, bits of toast in your soup will be croutons. The decor will be probably chic, possibly Provençal.

Finally potency. David Ogilvy identifies the following words as giving news value, novelty and immediacy to a piece of copy.

free	now	how to
suddenly	announcing	introducing
it's here	just arrived	important development
improvement	amazing	sensational
remarkable	revolutionary	startling
miracle	magic	offer
quick	easy	wanted
challenge	advice to	compare
bargain	hurry	last chance

Vance Packard (1960) memorably said: "The cosmetic manufacturers are not selling lanolin, they are selling hope ... we no longer buy oranges, we buy vitality. We do not just buy an auto, we buy prestige."

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