2. Standard English and Ukrainian vocabulary and its constituents. Neutral words.

The common literary, neutral and common colloquial words are grouped under the term: “standard English vocabulary”. Other groups are regarded as consequently special literary and special colloquial vocabularies. Neutral words, which form the bulk of the English vocabulary, are used both in literary and the colloquial language. Neutral words are the main source of synonymy and polysemy, they are very prolific in production of a new meaning and in generating new stylistic variations. Neutral words are characterized by the following points:

- they can be used in any style of speech without causing a special stylistic effect

- they can be used not only in written speech which abounds in literary words but also in colloquial speech without causing any stylistic effect

- they are generally devoid of any emotional meaning, unless special means are employed for this purpose.

Neutral words have a monosyllabic character as in the progress of development from Old English to Modern English most of the parts of speech lost their distinguishing suffixes. This phenomenon has led to the development of conversion as the most productive means of word-building or wordderivation where a word is formed because of a shift in the part of speech. Unlike all other groups of words the neutral words have NO SPECIAL STYLISTIC COLORING.

Common literary words are chiefly used in writing and in polished speech. One can always tell a literary word from a colloquial one. The reason for this lies in certain objective features of the Special Literary Vocabulary terms Nonce -words Foreignisms Barbarisms Archaic words Poetic words Neutral words Common Literary Vocabulary Special colloquial vocabulary Common literary vocabulary Common colloquial vocabulary Professio nalisms slang Nonce -words jargon vulgarisms dialectisms literary layer of words, that is why literary unite always stand in opposition to colloquial units, forming pairs of synonyms.

Colloquial: kid, daddy, chap, get out, go on, teenager, flapper, go ahead, get going make a move

Neutral: child father, fellow, go away, continue, boy (girl), young girl, begin, start

Literary: infant, parent, associate, retire, proceed, youth (maiden), maiden, commence

It goes without saying that these synonyms are not absolute, there is always a slight semantic difference in a synonymous pair but the main distinction between synonyms remains stylistic. And it may be of different types- it may lie in the emotional tension (small-little-tiny) connoted in a word, or in the degree of the quality (fear-terror-awe) denoted, or in the sphere of its application(opponent-rival-foe). Colloquial words are always more emotionally colored than literary ones. The neutral group of words has no degree of emotiveness, nor have they any distinctions in the sphere of usage.

The neutral vocabulary may be viewed as the invariant of the Standard English vocabulary. Such words are usually deprived of any concrete associations and refer to the concept more or less directly. Colloquial and literary words assume a far greater degree of concreteness, thus causing subjective evaluation, producing a definite impact on the reader or hearer.

3. Specific literary vocabulary. Terms, poetic and archaic words, obsolete and obsolescent words, literary coinages and neologisms, foreignisms and barbarisms