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MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF UKRAINE Kyiv National Linguistic University

Project Work in Contrastive English and Ukrainian Grammar

THE PARTICIPLE IN THE ENGLISH AND UKRAINIAN LANGUAGES

**** Group **** Translators’/Interpreters’ Department

Research supervisor: V.H. Nikonova Professor, Doctor of Philology

Kyiv 2018

THEORETICAL FAUNDATION OF THE PROBLEM

In a comparatively short time linguistics has been enriched with new and original ways and methods of studying the participle in the English and Ukrainian languages. Participle as the English verbal form combines both the features of adjective and adverb. Being used in the attributive meaning, it corresponds to Ukrainian дієприкметник, but when it is used in the circumstantial meaning, it corresponds to our дієприслівник. So, we should constantly bear in mind, that the term “дієприкметник”, which is usually used regarding the English Participle in grammars and textbooks of the English language published to be used in Ukrainian schools, is rather incorrect and conventional one.

Complex forms of the English Participle are built with the help of the same auxiliary verbs as the corresponding personal verb forms. Together with verb forms they enter the general system of conjugation. Ukrainian дієприкметник and дієприслівник stand separately from the personal forms of the verb and have their peculiar characteristic features. The Ukrainian дієприкметник combines in itself the categories of the verb and the adjective, and that is why it is often called the verb-noun form, that is the intermediate from between the verb and the adjective. Such features of Ukrainian дієприслівник as its morphological unchangability and the typical syntactic function of the circumstantial word, also witness about the fact that it is by itself the intermediate lexical-grammatical category, transitive from the verb to the adverb.

The English Participle is characterized by a rather complex system of forms, in particular: Participle I or Present Participle in active and in passive states e.g. finishing, being finished, Participle II or Past Participle e.g. finished and Perfect Participle in active and in passive states e.g. having finished, having been finished.

Having the present and perfect forms the English participle expresses the category of tense. But being constantly used in the function of the secondary, subordinated part of the sentence, it is seldom used with the independent tense meaning. Almost always its tense meaning is a dependent one and is determined by its correlation with the predicate or the circumstance of time. Participle I mainly stresses upon the simultaneous character of the action denoted by it action with the action denoted by the predicate, whereas the Perfect Participle shows the action which was prior to the action of the predicate and was finished till the beginning of another action.

The category of aspect is revealed by the English participle inconsistently and in a limited way. The aspect meaning of its forms is usually subordinated to their tense meaning and is not always expressed clearly. Participle I in the attributive function has mainly the aspect processual meaning e.g the man smoking; людина, яка зараз курить, in its circumstantial usage it usually does not have the clear aspect meaning. Past and Perfect Participles have the aspect meaning of the action completeness: done, having done e.g зроблений, зробивши.

The English participle has also the forms of the active and the passive states.

Unlike the Ukrainian participle, the English participle does not have any of noun categories — gender, number, case. It is widely used for building of analytical tense-aspect personal verb forms and as well can enter as a constituent part specific English syntactic constructions, in particular, the so called “Absolute Participial Construction”, “Complex Object with Participle” and others.

Since the Ukrainian participle bears the meaning of two parts of speech — the verb and the attribute, it has some categories of the verbal character and other categories of the attributive character.

Each participle belongs to the same aspect as the verb from which it is created. Correspondingly the tense form is built: participles formed from the verbs of the imperfective aspect have the tense forms of the past and the present tense, and participles formed from the verbs of the perfective aspect have only the forms of the past tense.

Ukrainian participles have also the category of state. Active participles render the characteristic feature caused by its carrier himself, that is the feature, which is directly bound with the modified object or is caused by the activity of its carrier, e.g.: сяюче обличчя, працюючий робітник, посивіле волосся. They can have the meaning of the present tense of the imperfective aspect e.g зростаючий, пануючий, виконуючий or the meaning of the past tense of the perfective aspect e.g пожовклий, навислий, зблідлий.

In modern Ukrainian active participles of the present tense with suffixes -уч- (-юч-) and -ач- (-яч-): ростучий, виконуючий, правля­чий are used rather rarely, at this according to their meaning they are close to normal adjectives of the type лежачий, сидячий. In corresponding cases more often the attributive construction of the type: той, що (який, хто) росте (виконує, править) is used. In English these participles as well as the attributive construction have as their correspondences the Participle I of the active state e.g. growing, fulfilling, ruling.

Active participles of the past tense of the perfective aspect are formed with the help of the suffix -л-: осиротілий, зітлілий, скам’янілий, помертвілий, схудлий, пожовклий. Instead of them as well as with non-prefixal intransitive and transitive verbs the attributive verbal constructions of the type той, що схуднув (який) схуд/писав, розбив are more often used. In English the mentioned participles and constructions are rendered by the descriptive constructions of the type: who became thin, who wrote (was writing, has written).

Passive participles of the present tense are not formed in modern Ukrainian. In their meaning the reconsidered forms of passive participles of the past tense, formed from transitive verbs of the imperfective aspect, are used very often: обговорюване питання, вживаний засіб and others. Here the participle of the past tense begins to acquire the meaning of the present tense, e.g.: the phrase вживаний ними засіб, which earlier has the meaning “засіб, який вони вживали”, is now used with the meaning “засіб, який вони зараз вживають”. In parallel the verbal descriptive constructions are widely used: який (що його) обговорюють (вживають).

Passive participles of the past tense are formed with the help of suffixes -т-, -н-, -ен-, (-єн-) from the verbs of the perfective aspect: написаний, згаданий, вжитий.

Following is the contrastive analysis of participles’ main features in English and Ukrainian languages, the participle is a verbid characterized by the following properties:

1. The dual lexical and grammatical meaning of “qualifying action”.

2. Typical stem-building elements. Special suffixes: -ing (Participle I), -ed, -t, -en (Participle II) in English. Participle II is sometimes characterized by an internal inflexion (written) or by a zero suffix (put). Suffixes -ач (яч), -уч (-юч) for active participles and -н,  -ен (-єн), -т for passive participles in Ukrainian.

3. The grammatical category of voice (see a paradigm below) in English.

The Paradigm of Participle

Participle I	Participle II
Voice	written
Active	Passive
writing	being written
having written	having been written

 

In Ukrainian participles similar to verbs have the categories of tense, aspect and voice. The participle retains the aspect of the verb from which it is built (виконувати — виконуючий, написати — написаний).

Taking into consideration their aspectual character Ukrainian participles are subdivided into active and passive ones. Each of these groups has the present and the past tense (participles do not have the future tense).

Active participles point towards the character of some acting object. In the present tense they render the simultaneous character of the action with the action of the finite verb e. g. у темніючому небі яскраво сяяла вечірня зірка. They are formed from the stems of the present tense of transitive and intransitive verbs of imperfective aspect by adding suffixes -ач (яч), -уч (-юч) and adjectival endings e.g. правити — правлячий, відпочивати — відпочиваючий.

Passive participles render the quality of the action upon which the action is directed e.g. На лісовій галявині стояла хата крита очеретом. Passive participles in Ukrainian have only the form of the past tense and thy are formed from the base of the infinitive by adding suffixes: -н (писати — писаний), -ен(-єн) (веліти — велений),  -т (мити — митий).

English Participle II is mostly used with nouns, e.g.: my forgotten friend. As to Participle I, the combinability of different grammemes is different.

The non-perfect active participle may modify both nouns and verbs, e. g.: his smiling eyes; smiling slyly, he stretched out his hand. The non-perfect passive participle usually modifies verbs, but occasionally nouns, e. g.: Not being invited there I chose to stay at home.

The other grammemes are used only to modify verbs, e.g.: having been detained by the flood, he came late.

English participles like those of Ukrainian and other languages may sometimes develop into adjectives, the idea of quality gradually overshadowing that of action, as in standing water — стояча вода, a charming woman — чаруюча жінка. They may develop into nouns, the idea of substance outweighing that of action — the wounded — поранений, the accused — обвинувачений. Both adjectivization and substantiviation involve the change of combinability and function that is they are cases of conversion.

The peculiarity of the English participle is its ability to build analytical forms like is asking, is asked, has asked, is being asked, etc. As to the verbal features of English Participle I they do not differ essentially from those of the infinitive and the gerund.

Subjective verbs such as to exist, to die, to lie, etc. which, as a rule, are not used in a passive voice, have no Participles II used independently (that is, they cannot be parts of analytical words). There are but a few exceptions to this principle such as: runaway, fallen, couched, collapsed, vanished, gone, come, faded withered, retired, e.g.: a fallen idol, vanished civilizations, dream come true, etc. Its most characteristic syntactical functions of attribute, adverbial complement, etc.

So, the correct knowing of participle in English and Ukrainian languages is very important to know, because it enriches our vocabulary makes our speech and spelling more perfect.

PRACTICAL ASSIGNMENTS

Exercise 1. Use the words in brackets as participles in the gaps.

1. A ________ boy (wait)

2. An ________  story (interest)

3. A ________  car (break)

4. The ________  pizza (forget)

5. The ________  father (work)

6. I saw him ________ . (go)

7. The ________  computer (repair)

8. The ________  students (talk)

9. ________  fans (excite)

10. The girl ________  next door (live)

 

Keys:

1. a waiting boy

2. an interesting story

3. a broken car

4. the forgotten pizza

5. the working father

6. I saw him going.

7. the repaired computer

8. the talking students

9. excited fans

10. the girl living next door

Exercise 2. Put in the verbs in brackets as participles present participle or past participle into the gaps.

1. He saw his friend ________   (go) out with Sue.

2. The bus crashed into the blue car ________  (drive) down the hill.

3. Peter hurt his leg ________  (do) karate.

4. The umbrella ________  (find) at the bus stop belongs to John Smith.

5. The people ________  (dance) in the street are all very friendly.

6. I heard my mother ________  (talk) on the phone.

7. My uncle always has his car ________  (wash).

8. We stood ________  (wait) for the taxi.

9. (look) down from the tower we saw many people walking in the streets.

10. The people drove off in a ________  (steal) car.

Keys:

1. He saw his friend going out with Sue.

2. The bus crashed into the blue car driving down the hill.

3. Peter hurt his leg doing karate.

4. The umbrella found at the bus stop belongs to John Smith.

5. The people dancing in the street are all very friendly.

6. I heard my mother talking on the phone.

7. My uncle always has his car washed .

8. We stood waiting for the taxi.

9. Looking down from the tower we saw many people walking in the streets.

10. The people drove off in a stolen car.

Exercise 3. Put in the verbs in brackets as Past Participle into the gaps.

1. ________  watches (repair)

2. ________  computers (steal)

3. ________  fans (fascinate)

4. ________  students (bore)

5. ________  boys (confuse)

6. ________  umbrellas (forget)

7. ________  girls (disappoint)

8. ________  comics (swap)

9. ________  doctors (worry)

10. ________  queens (amuse)

Keys:

1. repaired watches

2. stolen computers

3. fascinated fans

4. bored students

5. confused boys

6. forgotten umbrellas

7. disappointed girls

8. swapped comics

9. worried doctors

10. amused queens

Exercise 4. Put in the verbs in brackets as Present Participle into the gaps.

1. ________ dogs (bark)

2. ________ children (play)

3. ________ girls (scream)

4. ________ cowboys (dance)

5. ________ ducks (swim)

6. ________ babies (cry)

7. ________ water (run)

8. ________ teachers (sing)

9. ________ leaves (fall)

10. ________ people (lie)

Keys:

1. barking dogs

2. playing children

3. screaming girls

4. dancing cowboys

5. swimming ducks

6. crying babies

7. running water

8. singing teachers

9. falling leaves

10. lying people

Exercise 5. Complete the sentences using the correct form of the word in brackets.

1. A woman ________ (wear) a blue hat opened the door.

2. Champagne, ________ (produced) in France, is exported all over the world.

3. My sister works in a bakery ________ (make) cakes.

4. A million dollars worth of jewellery ________ (belong) to the President's wife has been stolen.

5. Pictures ________ (paint) by Picasso usually sell for millions of pounds.

6. A lorry ________ (carry) fruit crashed on the motorway.

7. This is a vegetarian restaurant. None of the dishes ________ (serve) here contain meat or fish.

8. The Harry Potter books, ________ (write) by JK Rowling, have all been made into films.

Keys:

1. wearing

2. produced

3. making

4. belonging

5. painted

6. carrying

7. served

8. written

THE LITERATURE USED

1. Волкова Л. М. Теоретична граматика англійської мови. — К.: Вид-во КНЛУ, 2007. — 314 с.

2. Иванова И. П., Бурлаков В. В. Почепцов Г. Г. Теоретическая грамматика современного английского языка — М.: Высшая школа, 1981. — 294 c.

3. Корунець І. В. Порівняльна типологія англійської та української мов. Навчальний посібник. — Вінниця. “Нова книга”, 2004 — 464 с.

4. Пентилюк М. І., Іващенко О. В. Українська мова: Підручник-комплект. — К. : Ленвіт, 2001. — 352 с.

5. Сучасна українська літературна мова: За редакцією Плющ М. Я. — Київ: Вища школа, 2001 — 212 с.

6. Blokh M. Y. A Course in Theoretical English Grammar. — М.: Высшая школа, 1982. — 198 c.

7. Morophivskaya E. J. Fundamentals of Theoretical Grammar. — Київ: Вища школа, 2001 – 218 с.