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17. Grammar

Active Voice.

Every day, usually, every year, seldom …

Yesterday, last time, last year, a week ago, when…

Tomorrow, next time, next year, in a week…

Simple

Present

Past

Future

I

We

You will (‘ll) play

They will (‘ll) write

He

She

He

She

Do

I

you

we

they

play?

write?

Did

I

you

we

they

he

she

play?

write?

I

we

Will you

they

he

she

play?

write?

Does

he

she

I

You do not play

We (don’t) write

They

He does not play

She (doesn’t) write

I

You

We did not play

They (didn’t) write

He

She

I

We

You will not play

They (won’t) write

He

She

At the moment, now

At that time, yesterday, at 5 o’clock, when he came

Tomorrow, at this time, this time, next Monday

Progressive (be + ing – form)

I

am

playing

writing

I

He

She

was

playing

writing

I

We be playing

He will (‘ll)

She be writing

You

They

You

We

They

are

We

You

They

were

He

She

is

Am

I

playing?

writing?

Was

I

he

she

playing?

writing?

I

we be playing?

Will he

she be writing?

you

they

Are

you

we

they

Were

we you

they

Is

he

she

I am not

You

We are not playing

They (aren’t) writing

He is not

She (isn’t)

I

He was not

She (wasn’t)

playing

You writing

We were not

They (weren’t)

I

We

He will not be playing

She (won’t) be writing

You

They

Today, already, yet, this week (month, year), never, recently, since…

By 5 o’clock, by the end of…, when he came

By this time, next Monday, as soon as, he came

Prefect (have + V3)

I

You

We

They

have

played

written

I

You

We

They

He

She

had

played

written

I

We have played

You will

He have written

She

They

He

She

has

I

Have we

you

they

Has he

she

played?

written?

Had

I

we

you

they

he

she

played?

written?

I

we played?

Will you have

they written?

he

she

I

You have not

We (haven’t)

They played

written

He has not

She (hasn’t)

I

You

We had not played

They(hadn’t) written

He

She

I

We have played

You will not

He (won’t)

She have played

They

Present

Past

Future

Present

Past

Since then, for an hour, already, for a long time… How long...? Since when…?

Since the time when, before…

Perfect Progressive (have been + ing – from)

I

You have

We

They been playing

been writing

He has

She

I

You

We had been playing/ writing

They

He

She

I

we

Have you

they been playing?

been writing?

Has he

she

I

you

Had we been playing/ writing?

they

he

she

I

You

We have not

They (haven’t) been playing

been writing

He has not

She (hasn’t)

I

You

We had not been playing

They (hadn’t) been writing

He

She

Grammar tasks

Task A. Write negative sentences and questions.

1. Most people measure the cost of security high.

2. An evaluation helps consumers to determine the level of security of IT product or system.

3. Computer systems security protects the system against intentional acts.

4. Security officers have the authority to develop an effective policy.

5. Computer security plays an important role in any organization policy.

6. Business functions become increasingly dependent on small computer systems.

7. Responsibility for the business functions lies with senior executives.

8. A successful security program consists of a number of interrelated key elements.

Choose the correct form of the verb (Present Perfect/Past Simple).

1. We worked/have worked over this project since I came/have come to the department.

2. We developed/have developed this program in 2005.

3. At last he presented/has presented his report.

4. When did you finish/have you finished this work?

Task B. Put the verbs in brackets in the correct form

1. Since the early efforts to conduct quantitative risk assessment, it (gain) its supporters and opponents.

2. The National Bureau of Standards (publish) this document in 1979.

3. The article (deal) with artificial intelligence.

4. Your company (realize) the value of developing enterprise-wide security?

5. First some developers (launch) and (develop) quantitative approaches.

6. Custom applications (require) writing unique security code?

7. Dishonest employees (not want) their acts to be discovered.

6. An honest employee (not make) mistakes in data entry.

8. They already (present) their recommendations of information security.

9. A disgruntled employee is one, who (work) for an organization and (want) to cause harm to it.

10. Enterprises around the world (undergo) transformations.

Task C. Put the words in brackets in the correct form, Present Simple or Present Continuous.

1. Hi! Where (go)? – I (see) my partners in 20 minutes.

2. What you (do)? – I (be) an engineer, but now I (work) as a manager.

3. The train (leave) at 8.48. Hurry up. – OK. I (come).

4. What you (look) for? – I (try) to find my papers.

Translate into English using Present Perfect or Past Simple.

1. Привет! Давно тебя не видел. Где ты был?

2. Я был в командировке в Лондоне. - Когда вернулся? - Два дня назад.

3. Мы изучили ваше заявление.

4. Мы провели полный анализ рисков на этом предприятии.

5. Ученые разработали этот шифр в 1993 году.

6. Вы расшифровали этот текст? – Еще нет.

7. Стеганографию использовали в древности.

8. Этот алгоритм был запатентован в США.

9. С 2000 года он используется свободно.