
- •41. Main sources of phraseological units
- •42. Phraseology and its boundaries.
- •46. Parameters of linguistic dictionaries
- •47. Main types of dictionaries
- •48. What are the main characteristics of a learners dictionary?
- •43. Principles of classification of ph u
- •1) Semantic classification of phraseological units
- •2) Structural classification of phraseological units
- •50. Variants and dialects of contemporary English
- •45. The fundamental problems of dictionary compilation
- •49. Thesaurus
- •44. The simile
- •39. Free Wgroups as compaired to ph units. Classification of Wgroups according to their motivation.
- •1. Inner structure of the Eng w-stock
- •38. Types of valency.
- •31. The principle semantic processes change of meaning (m)
- •1.Causes:
- •1. Inner structure of the Eng w-stock
- •3.Nature of semantic change
- •40. Phraseological units as compared to words & sentences
- •11. The complex units of w-b: w-b cluster, row, category
- •12. The functional aspect of w-b system: productivity and activity. The main means of w-b in English
- •13. Affixation and prefixation in contemporary e.
- •Prefixation is the formation of words by means of adding a prefix to the stem. In English it is characteristic for forming verbs. Prefixes are more independent than suffixes.
- •15) Word composition. Classification of compounds
- •17) Etymology. What makes it important for contemporary Lex. The role and place of borrowings in e
- •20) Loan translation
- •18) Causes and ways of borrowings. Criteria of b
- •16) Unpatterned means of w-building. Sound interchange
- •19) Assimilation of Borrowings. Degrees of Ass and factors determining it.
- •14) Conversion. Basi criteria of semantic derivation
- •21. Name the main periods when English experienced the influx of borrowings
- •22.Compare Scandinavian and French influence on English
- •23.Ethymological doublets
- •24. The layers of Latin borrowings in English. Their influence on the system of English w-building
- •25.The Norman conquest and its impact on English
- •26. Word mng. Approaches to defining it
- •27. Types, varieties and aspects of mng.
- •28. The fundamental features of w mng.
- •29. Polysemy, its sources. Polysemy & homonymy. Sources of homonyms. Classification of homonyms.
- •30. The main types of semantic relations between mngs.
- •36. T basic principles of grouping Ws together (см типы словарей)
- •2. Types of lex-l nomination Eng
- •35. Synchronic & diachronic approaches to variability of w m
- •34. What is a paradigm? Paradigmatic & syntgmatic approaches to t study of m.
- •33. Semantic contrasts & antonymy
- •32. Semantic equivalence & synonymy. Types of synonyms. Sources of synonyms.
- •Ideographic(denotational) stylistic(ideographic-stylistic)
- •Borrowing
- •3. The morphological structure of the w. Morphemes & allomorphs. The morphological meaning of the w.
- •4. The main principles of morphemes.
- •10. The main sources of enriching voc:
- •5. Classification of morphemes.
- •2) Semantically:
- •6. Procedure of morphemic analysis. Morphemic types of ws.
- •7. The main aim, principles & methods of derivational analysis.
- •8. The main units of derivational analysis: Basic units
- •Affixes: mono-polysemantic
- •May be 3 types of d Base
- •9. Derivational patterns.
Ideographic(denotational) stylistic(ideographic-stylistic)
Differentiation of synonyms may be observed in dif semantic components – denotational or connotational
T difference in denotational M can’t exceed certain limits – there is alw some common denotational component
look, seem, appear - to be in one’s view or judgement but not necessarily in fact
Here stylistic reference may be regarded as identical+some difference in the denotational component
Synonymous Ws alw differ in T denotational component irrespective of T identity or difference of stylistic reference
Stylystic synonyms 1.to see(neuter)=2.to behold(bookish, poetic)
1.‘have or use power of sight’+understand+have knowledge or experience of
2.‘looking at that which is seen’ – there is dif-ce in T denotational component
Sources of synonyms.
-
Borrowing
Quite a number of Ws in synonymic sets are usu of Latin or French origin (set includes both native & borrowed Ws)
Often double-scale patterns: native vs Latin bodily-corporal, brotherly-fraternal
Native vs Greek or French answer-reply, fiddle-violin
Stylistic reference may differ: native Ws are usu colloquial, borrowed often bookish or highly literary see above
2. T law of synonymic attraction-interests of T community tend to attract a large number of synonyms
in Beowulf there are 37 syn-s for ‘hero’ & at least a dozen for battle & fight
in mod Am Eng 20 Ws denoting money bucks, beans, do-re-mi,
рус: деньги, мани, лаве, капуста, бабки…
3. radiation of synonyms – when a particular W is given a transferred M its syn-s tend to develop along parallel lines
get understand, grasp understand
T bulk of synonyms may be referred to stylistically marked Ws см пример про деньги
can’t be identical as T same referent in dif speech situations can be denoted by dif Ws
woman-mother by her son or wife by her husband
Ws interchangeable in any given context are very rare
buy & purchase are dif in their stylistic reference – not completely interchangeable
3. The morphological structure of the w. Morphemes & allomorphs. The morphological meaning of the w.
A great number of words have a composite nature & are made up of smaller units (morphemes), each posessing sound-form & meaning. A w. is the smallest autonomous meaningful unit of the L. It is a 2facet (2сторонний) unit (form + meaning). A morph-m – also 2facet, meaningful, but not autonomous.
Morpheme – smallest non-segmantable meaningful unit of language.
While morphemes can’t be segmented into smaller units without losing their constituent essence, words can be. There are 3 types of segmentability:
1. complete – you can easily split a w: natural.
2. conditional – semantically isn’t possible: de-ceive, re-ceive – segmentation is doubtful. (where ceive is a preudo-morpeme).
3. defective – components never occur in other ws or very seldom: straw-berry, rasp-berry, cran-berry.
Morphemes may have dif phonemic shapes. In that cases they are called allomorphs or morpheme variants, because the morphemic shapes of the w stand in alternation with each other: number- numerous, school- scholar.
Types of morphological meanings:
1)lexical – it’s defined in the dictionary
2)p-of-sp – typical of affixes, not roots. –er shoulder-surfer – подглядывающий номер тел.
3)differential – to distinguish 1 w from another: re-do, over-do.
4)distributional – shows the arrangement of morphemes in a w: skylight – light sky.