Весна 17 курс 4 ОрТОР / English / Министерство Транспорта Российской Федерации

Министерство Транспорта Российской Федерации (Минтранс России)

Федеральное Агентство Воздушного Транспорта (Росавиация)

ФГБОУ ВО «Санкт-Петербургский государственный

Университет гражданской авиации»

Landing without gear

Выполнил:

студент 4 курса ФАИТОП

группы №834

Старков А.А.

Проверили:

ст. преподаватели кафедры №7

Иванова Т. А.

Егорова О. В.

Оценка_________________

Подпись________________

Санкт-Петербург, 2017

A belly landing, pancake landing or gear-up landing occurs when an aircraft lands without its landing gear fully extended and uses its underside, or belly, as its primary landing device. Normally the term gear-up landing refers to incidents in which the pilot forgets to extend the landing gear, while belly landing refers to incidents where a mechanical malfunction prevents the pilot from extending the landing gear.

In real life, an aircraft is usually significantly damaged during a belly landing. Fires are a common occurrence and in modern times the entire runway is usually sprayed heavily with flame-retardant chemicals prior to the landing being made. Extreme precision is needed to ensure that the plane lands as straight and level as possible while maintaining enough airspeed to maintain control. Still, belly landings are one of the most common types of aircraft accidents, and are normally not fatal if executed carefully.

Causes and Prevention

Pilot Error

It's usually pilot’s fault. Most of the time force belly landings occur it is simply due to pilot error. Most often in civil aviation this occurs when someone forgets to bring up their landing gear and exceeds the maximum gear extension speed (VLE). Touching the ground while gear is extending or retracting also breaks them and denies the extension/retraction control of the remaining landing gear. This can easily be avoided on take-off by proper rudder input to counter engine torque on takeoff which ensures a straight take-off roll followed by a quick climb-out to avoid obstacles before retracting gear, and when landing by bleeding airspeed to a safe value before extending, waiting for the gear to fully extend before touchdown.

Mechanical Failure

Mechanical Failure is another cause of belly landings. Most landing gear are operated by electric motors or hydraulic actuators.

Multiple redundancies are usually provided to prevent a single failure from failing the entire landing gear extension process. Whether electrically or hydraulically operated, the landing gear can usually be powered from multiple sources. In case the power system fails, an emergency extension system is always available. This may take the form of a manually operated crank or pump, or a mechanical free-fall mechanism which disengages the uplocks and allows the landing gear to fall due to gravity.

Landing Procedure with No Gear

Single-Engine Aircraft

Approach the airfield at a reasonable altitude, aiming toward the middle of the runway to give yourself enough glide.

Deploy take-off or landing flaps about 1km from the airfield, using about 40-70% engine power to maintain glide-slope. Close your radiator now as well.

Roughly 5-10 seconds before you expect touch-down, cut your mixture (if you have it) then cut your engine engine to stop fuel flow and reduce the risk of fire damage. Also reduce prop pitch to 0% at this time.

Keeping your wings as level as possible, lightly flair (pull-up) the aircraft about 1 second before touchdown and lightly kiss the ground.

If done right, you should damage nothing except the prop and possible fuselage damage.

Jets

Jets are generally much harder to belly land because they have such a propensity to catch on fire, but it is still possible. Attempt a belly landing with a jet with the same approach still as a single-engined plane, but maintain about 30 knots above stall speed as you would with a multi-engine. Cutting your engine helps with jets too.

Interesting Examples

-On 4 July 2000 Malév Flight 262, a Tupolev Tu-154, performed a gear-up touchdown during the landing and skidded on the runway, but was able to take off and land normally after a go-around. No injuries were reported.

- On September 21, 2001, RA-86074 belly-landed at Dubai after a flight from Moscow, the flight crew having switched off the ground proximity warning due to heavy workload on the approach and then neglected to extend the landing gear; no casualties; aircraft written off.

-On 8 May 2006 a United States Air Force B-1 Lancer strategic bomber landed on the atoll of Diego Garcia in the Indian Ocean without lowering its undercarriage. A fire ensued, but was extinguished with only minor personnel injuries. The pilots had reportedly switched off the warning system that would have warned them of the oversight and overlooked the red warning light on the instrument panel throughout the landing. The aircraft, after nearly $8 million in repairs, was returned to service the following year.

-On 1 November 2011 LOT Polish Airlines Flight 016, a Boeing 767, declared an emergency with a loss of landing gear en route from Newark Liberty International Airport to Warsaw Chopin Airport. The aircraft involved was the newest 767 airframe in the fleet. It made a belly landing in Warsaw with a small fire, but all passengers and crew were evacuated with no injuries. The airport was closed for over a day afterwards.