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Темы для прод / endocrine

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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

The endocrine system is a network of ductless glands of internal secretion. The endocrine glands produce and store various hormones, which are secreted directly into the bloodstream and influence body activities. There are seven glands that make up the endocrine system: thyroid, parathyroids, ovaries and testes, adrenals, pineal, pituitary, and pancreas islet cells.

The chief endocrine gland is the pituitary, governed by the hypothalamus and situated beneath the brain and divided into lobes. The front (anterior) lobe produces a group of stimulating (tropic) hormones that are carried to the thyroid, adrenals and sex glands to trigger hormone production. Other anterior pituitary hormones include prolactin, which maintains milk production from the breasts , and growth hormone. The back (posterior) lobe of the pituitary stores two hormones: vasopressin, which is carried to the kidneys to help control water content; and oxytocin, which assists the contraction of the uterus during labor and encourages the flow of milk from the breasts after the birth of a baby.

The pineal gland secretes melatonin, which may help regulate sexual development and menstruation.

Each of the adrenal glands, situated over the kidney, is divided into outer (cortex) and inner (medulla) region. The medulla makes the hormones adrenaline and noradrenaline, which help to prepare the body for “fight or flight” in responses to danger. The hormones of the cortex include steroids involved in the metabolizing of sugars and proteins and in balancing body water content.

The thyroid lies below the voicebox and secretes hormones that control the rate at which cells use nutrients, and the body burns and stores sugars. Attached to the back of the thyroid are the four parathyroid glands whose hormones regulate the amounts of calcium and phosphate in the blood.

The amount of glucose in the blood is governed by cells in the pancreas, situated beside the duodenum. The endocrine cells of the gland make two hormones: glucagons, which raises blood levels, and insulin, which decreases them. The gland also secretes digestive enzymes.

The sex glands – ovaries in a female and testes in a male – produce hormones that control the production of mature sex cells and help to determine a person’s total sexual development.

The most serious diseases affecting the endocrine glands are thyroiditis (an inflammation of the thyroid gland) and diabetes (a disorder in which the body can not make use of sugars & starches in a normal way). The science which studies the endocrine glands & the treatment of their diseases is called Endocrinology.

To affect поражать (о болезни)

Diabetes диабет

Endocrinology эндокринология

Hypothalamus гипоталамус

Thyroiditis тиреоидит

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