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1. Translation Theory. Object and objectives

Translation theory — study of translation, which is aimed to investigate the translation process and give the theoretical explanation of it. It investigates such aspects as translation and its notions, transformations, equivalence and equivalents, translation models, transformations and pragmatics of the text.

Aspects: general (general notions typical of translation from any language), specific (regularities of translation characteristics of particular languages), special (texts of various registers and genres).

Translation invariant — what is in common b/w the two expressions after all the manipulations.

Translation unit — a group of words united in speech by their meanings, rhythm and melody (syntagm).

Objectives:

- to provide an overview of translation studies as an academic discipline;

- to present translation theory as a component of this discipline and outline some of the issues it aims to address;

- to outline the various perspectives from which different scholars have attempted to develop a theory of translation;

- to formulate aims and tasks of rendering;

- to show ways and means of solving problems of translation;

- to establish lexical, grammatical and stylistic correspondences and divergences between two languages;

- to point out possible ways of their rendering from one language into the other.

2. The Notion of Translation

Translation — 1) a means of interlingual and intercultural communication — communicative approach; switching of a language code that transfers an idea from the ST to the TT with the help of equivalents — semiotic approach; process of rendering information from one language to another; 2) the result of this process.

The main objective of translation is to achieve the maximum of identification (~95%).

There are three types of identification: functional (TR handle TT in such a way as if it were ST), structural (structural parallelism b/w ST and TT; comparison of respective units), semantic (TT has the same meaning as ST; based on the various degree of equivalence).

Adequate translation — a type of translation which conveys the ideas, the form and some additional background, which helps the receptor to feel the same way as the native speaker of the SL does when listening or reading.

Equivalent translation — a type of translation, which conveys the meaning and the form of the ST by means of equivalents.

3. Equivalence in translation: Theory of Equivalence

Equivalence — a degree of similarity between source and target texts, measured on a certain level.

Levels of equivalence:

1. pragmatic (purport of communication): no common semes or invariant structures

A rolling stone gathers no moss. Кому дома не сидится, тот добра не наживет.

2. situational (indication of the situation): no parallelism of lexical or structural units, but identical reality, the same action

It was late in the day. Близился вечер. He answered the telephone. Он снял трубку.

3. semantic (description of the situation): the same general notions

London saw a cold winter last year. В прошлом году зима в Лондоне была холодной.

4. syntactic (the invariant meaning of the syntactic structures): parallel constructions

He was never tired of old songs. Старые песни никогда ему не надоедали.

5. lexical/grammatical: identical constructions

I saw him at the theatre. Я видел его в театре.