Thermal Expansion of Solids
and Liquids
Thermal expansion is a consequence of the change in the average separation between the atoms in an object.
Thermal Expansion of Solids
and Liquids
average coefficient of linear expansion
(9.1)
(9.2) 
A cavity in a piece of material expands in the same way as if the cavity were filled with the material.
Thermal Expansion of Solids
and Liquids
Table 9.1
Thermal Expansion of Solids
and Liquids
(9.3) β is the average coefficient of
volume expansion.
Thermal Expansion of Solids
and Liquids
Thermal Expansion of Solids
and Liquids
Figure 9.1 (a) A bimetallic strip bends as the temperature changes because the two metals have different expansion coefficients. (b) A bimetallic strip used in a thermostat to break or make electrical contact.
The Unusual Behavior of Water
Figure 9.2 The variation in the density of water at atmospheric pressure with temperature. The inset at the right shows that the maximum density of water occurs at 4°C.
Macroscopic Description of an
Ideal Gas
It is convenient to express the amount of gas in a given volume in terms of the number of moles n. One mole of any substance is that amount of the substance that contains Avogadro’s number NA = 6.022 ) 1023 of
constituent particles (atoms or molecules).
(9.4)
Macroscopic Description of an
Ideal Gas
(9.5)
Equation of state for an ideal gas
Macroscopic Description of an
Ideal Gas
Figure 9.4 A bottle of champagne is shaken and opened. Liquid spews out of the opening. A common misconception is that the pressure inside the bottle is increased due to the shaking.