Учебники / Hearing - From Sensory Processing to Perception Kollmeier 2007

A

Auditory brainstem responses (ABR), 3 Acoustic environment, 247

Acoustic features, 313 Acoustic patterns, 248 Across-channel, 301 Active, listening, 247

Adaptation, 261, 333, 497–498, 503 Adaptation loop, 165, 167–172 Auditory evoked field (AEF), 215–217

Three-alternative-forced-choice (3AFC), 21

Alternating, tone, 251 Amplitude modulation (AM), 18,

133–139, 147–149, 155–156, 161, 247, 306, 467–468, 472, 498, 500–501, 503, 517, 522, 535

depth, 133–137, 139 Articulation index, 525, 527, 541 Artificial, scene analysis, 267 Asynchrony, 334

Attention, 253, 258, 309, 324 Attentive, behaviour, 264 Auditory

cortex, 228, 230, 248 filter, 486, 534, 537, 539 filter shapes, 23, 25 grouping, 248, 303 memory, 320

model, 529, 547 model, peripheral, 541 object, 295, 329

streaming, 257, 267–268, 273, 275 system, 247

Auditory cortex, 83, 97, 125–126, 128, 131

Auditory filter, 117

Auditory nerve (AN), 3, 30, 38, 45, 51–53, 57, 61–62, 72, 107–109, 133, 156, 165, 181, 195, 199, 233, 441, 447, 468, 495–497, 501, 542

activity, 62

discharge rate, 57, 107 fiber, 53, 57, 109

(fiber) recordings, 3, 108 rate profile, 57 responses, 52, 53

spikes, 53

Auditory object, 125, 131, 142

Auditory scene analysis (ASA), 257, 267, 285, 295, 313, 323, 475, 482–483

Auditory stream, 149

Automatic speech recognition, 247 Audio-vocal unit (AVU), 192–196

B

Brodman areal 42 (BA42), 281 Brainstem auditory evoked potential

(BAEP), 215–216, 219, 222–223 Bank, of bandpass auditory filters, 19 Basilar membrane, 3–4, 542–543, 549

response delay, 3–4 Behavioural, neurophysiology, 261 Best frequency, 12, 338

Binaural cue, 505

disparities, 467 hearing, 496 information, 475, 561

intelligibility level difference, 561 interaction, 328

interference, 485, 489–490 masking level difference, 457 processing, 495, 508

Binaural (continued )

room impulse responses, 506 sluggishness, 327–328, 380, 412,

464, 467

system, 459, 467–468 unmasking, 561

Binaural-beat stimuli, 468 Birds, 1, 6, 257

Blood-oxygene-level depletion (BOLD) response, 230, 280

signal, 92 Bottom-up, 323 Brain, 275

activation, 228, 230–232, 313 Brainstem, 192

C

Compound action potential (CAP), 1, 3–5

Captor, tone, 333, 336

Cat, 125–126, 128, 131, 319 Ceiling effect, 244

Central auditory system, 273 Central limit theorem, 27 Change detection, 313, 329, 331 Chopper (chopper neuron),

155–160 Chorus, 208–213 CI-simulation, 477 Click trains, 329 Cochlear

activation, 4, 5 delay, 2–6, 8 filtering, 529 implabt, 247 nucleus, 468 region, 5

Cochlear implant, 475, 495–496, 502–503

Cochlear nucleus (CN), neurons, 71, 97, 155, 160–161, 337

Cocktail party, problem, 247 Coherence, 149, 248, 365, 369, 410 Coherent

auditory streams, 267 streams, 248, 319

Communication, 292

Comodulation masking release (CMR), 117, 119–123, 125, 127–128, 465

Complex

harmonic, 1–2, 76 Schroeder-phase, 1, 6 tone, 301, 333

Complex tones, harmonic, 61, 63 Compression, 11, 13, 245, 507, 510, 514,

522, 549 Computational model, 247

Confidence adjusted score, 372 Constant stimuli, 269 Correlation, 277

matrix, 250 Correlogram, 469, 473, 489 Cortical

model, 253 processing, 248, 325 representation, 250 response, 233, 323 sensitivity, 325

site, 258

Critical band (CB), 175, 199–204 Critical bandwidth, 243

D

Dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN), 43–45, 48, 50

Delay cochlear, 4

frequency-dependent, 8 neural, 3 place-dependent, 8

Detection, threshold, 253, 267, 269 Directional, pitch shift, 319 Discriminability, 7, 114, 343, 387 Discrimination, 273

Distraction, 267

Dual rsonance nonlinear (DRNL), filter, 73 Dynamic range, 227, 339

E

Echo planar imaging, 230, 281 Eigenvalue, 250

Eigenvector, 250

Energetic masking, 303, 307, 309–310 Envelope, 304

fluctuations, 46, 307, 309, 374, 463 spectral, 91, 144, 294, 306, 539

Equalization and cancellation, 457 Equal-loudness, contour, 300

Index

Equivalent rectangular bandwidth (ERB), 25, 296

Event-counting mechanism, 273 Evoked potentials, 185, 215, 381,

485, 496

Excitation pattern, 11, 319, 465, 472, 529

Excitatory, 262 response, 338

F

Ferrets, 258

Field L, 210–211, 213 Filter

auditory, 19

bandwidth, 19, 25, 57, 62, 385, 439, 534

dual resonance, 11, 12 minimum phase, 14 roex, 23, 24

shape, 19 tuning, 23

tuning of auditory, 19 Filterbank, instaneous-frequency-

controlled, 18 First formant (F1), 334 Flanking band, 117, 359

Frequency modulation (FM), 18 Forward

masking, 165–166, 168–172, 314, 316 suppression, 261

Frequency discrimination, 271 instantaneous, 5 modulation, 247, 307 shift, 314

Frequency-dependent gain, 12 Frequency difference limens (FDL), 83 Frequency-shift detector, 313

Frog, 185, 187 Frontal cortex, 233 Functional, MRI

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), 83–85, 96, 99, 228, 230, 276

Fundamental frequency (F0), 287

G

Galloping rhythm, 277

Go/no-go task, 269

561

Grouping, 309, 333, 341

Guinea pig, 52, 338

H

Habituation, 282

Haircell, 227, 529, 542–543 Harmonic

complex, 5–6 consonance, 276 number, 63

Harmonicity, 247 Harmonics

resolved, 35, 42, 61–62, 75 unresolved, 36, 75

Hearing aid, 247

impaired, 237 loss, 227–228, 230 threshold, 227

Hemodynamic response, 228, 281 Heschl’s gyrus (HG), 85, 96–98, 103, 128 Hidden Markov model, 526–527 Hilbert envelope, 14

I

Central nucleus of the inferior colliculus (ICC), 200, 202–204

Informational masking (IM), 251, 267–268, 303, 309–310

Incoherence, 250, 369

Inferior colliculus (IC), 42, 44, 71, 97, 125, 133, 136–139, 185, 187–188, 191, 199, 328, 408, 418, 433, 435, 447, 468, 495, 505, 515

Information processing, 310 Inhibition, 200, 202–204, 338 Inhibitory

cells, 337 field, 262 Inner-ear, 227

filter, 8 Instantaneous

compression, 11 frequency, 5, 12, 13 frequency extraction, 17

Instantaneous discharge rate, 53–56, 58–59

Integration time, 329 Integrator, leaky, 23

Intelligibility

of complex time vaying stimuli, 35 of speech, 35

Intensity, 227 Interaural

coherence, 369, 410

correlation, 323, 331, 359, 380, 405, 467, 477, 508

cross correlation, 369, 379, 469, 514 level, 143, 369, 385, 425, 447, 467, 475 level difference, 467, 475

phase, 90, 365, 369, 389, 411, 450, 457, 551

phase difference, 457–459

time, 143, 369, 389, 399, 407, 417, 425, 447, 467, 495, 505

Interaural level difference (ILD), 143–146, 148, 329

Interaural temporal difference, 475 Internal representation, 168, 347, 383,

399, 550 Inter-spike interval, 27 Intervals, first order, 27

Intraparietal sulcus, 276, 281 Iterated ripple noise (IRN), 76, 91–92

Inter-spike interval histogram (ISIH), 27, 31–32

Inter-spike interval (ISI), 27 Interaural time difference (ITD),

143–146, 148–150, 329 Iterated rippled noise, 329

J

Just noticable difference (JND), 52–56

K

Kalman filtering, 254

L

Lateralization, 143–145, 148–151, 353, 374, 389, 476, 478, 480–481, 485

Listening band, 175–176, 178, 181–182 Lateral lemniscus (LL), 192

Local field potential, 257 Localization, 505, 509–513, 515 Lombard effect, 191, 196

Loudness, 215, 223, 227, 237, 295–296, 317, 329, 359

categorical, 240

level, 228–229, 233 matching, 237–239 model, 295

perception, 228, 237, 301 recruitment, 227, 229, 233 scaling, 229, 237–238 summation, 237, 243

M

Magentoencepaholography (MEG), 98, 101–102, 125–128, 233, 282, 323, 331

Magnitude estimation, 245 Masker

notched noise, 20 within-channel, 9

Masking, 1, 6, 9, 20, 23, 25, 207, 211, 304 forward, 16

forward notched-noise, 19 on frequency, 16 informational, 552, 557 non-simultaneous, 16 notched-noise, 19

off frequency, 12, 16 power specrum of, 23 release, 117 simultaneous, 20, 23, 25 spectral, 16

upward spread of, 16

Masking differences, across species, 9 Maximum likelihood method, 27 Medial nucleus of the superior olivary

complex (MSO), 194, 195 Mellin

image, 288–289 transform, 285

Melody, 275, 315

Memory, 176, 271, 320, 343, 353 Memoryless, 527, 542

Middle ear, 188 Middle-ear reflex, 191, 194

Mismatch negativity (MMN), 328, 381, 401

Model, 244, 247, 271

auditory image (AIM), 102, 104 autocorrelation, 71, 72

coupled elements, 11 cross-channel autocorrelation, 77 filterbank, 11

Index

functional, 11

of ventral cochlear nucleus units, 27 Modulation, 228, 249, 303

depth, 287 domain, 307 filter, 308, 310 period, 285

Modulation detection interference (MDI), 303–304

Modulation transfer function (MTF), 71

Monkey, 257, 319 Motion detector, 313, 320 Mouse, 200

Multidimensional representation, 249, 255

Multiple, looks, 268 Multitone, sequence, 267

N

Natural speech, 287 Neckar-cube, 283 Neural

activity, 319 correlates, 259, 275 delay, 3 mechanism, 257 unit, 314

Neuromagnetic recording, 325 Neuronal adaptation, 252–253 Noise

burst, 324

Gaussian, 83, 343, 491 interference, 317

Nonlinear auditory, filterbank, 11 Nonlinear instantaneous, compression,

13 Nonlinearity, 542

Nonsimultaneous, masking, 308 Notches, high-frequency spectral, 51 Nucleus Laminaris, 417

O

Off frequency listening, 19, 23 masking, 12

Offset, asynchrony, 247 On-frequency

channel, 15

563

excitation, 15 masking, 12, 16

Onset

asynchrony, 247, 333 chopper, 337

Onset asynchrony, 122, 123

P

Partial forward masking (PFM), 314, 316, 319

Perception, 268 Perceptual

grouping, 296 integration, 334 object, 275 phenomena, 258

Perceptual interference, 207, 208 Peripheral channelling, 282, 293 Phase

of basilar membrane motion, 61 cosine, 36

locking, 67, 126

Phase locking, 38, 51, 62, 126, 133, 438, 447

Phoneme boundary, 335 Phonetic quality, 333 Physiology, 252, 258, 337 Pi-limit, 399, 407

Pitch, 61, 68, 71, 74, 83–86, 90, 92, 95, 314, 329, 477, 482

activation, 86 discrimination, 61, 84, 85 of a harmonic tone, 74 Huggins, 84–85, 90

interspike interval representation of, 68

onset response, 329 processing, 83, 92

rate-place representation of, 61, 68 selectivity, 83, 86

shift, 314

spatio-temporal representation of, 61, 68

temporal processing, 95 virtual, 71

Pitch-jump detector, 282 Planum

polare, 86 temporale, 86, 102

Plasticity, 227

Population tuning curve, 261 Positron emission tomography (PET),

95

Posterioir insular cortex, 281 Potentials, evoked cochlear, 2 Pre-attentive, 292, 325 Precedence-effect, 475, 477, 510, 513 Primary auditory cortex, 259, 275 Primary-like, 338

Probit analysis, 335

Post stimulus time histogram (PSTH), 29

Psychometric function, 239, 269 Pure tone, 273, 295

R

Rabbit, 134, 139 Rate code, 138, 389

Receptive field, 200, 202, 204, 249 Representation, neural of pitch, 61 Resolvable, pure tones, 313 Response

coherence, 254 enhancement, 273 pattern, 275

Response patterns, spatiotemporal, 110 Restoration, effect, 335

Reverberation, 35, 39, 475, 505, 533, 541 Reverse, correlation, 261

S

Scaling invariance, in cochlear mechanics, 63

Scene, analysis, 310 Schroeder-phase, complex, 1, 8

Segregation, 143, 145, 149, 301, 303, 310 Self-produced vocalization, 192

Serial, search, 273

Shuffled autocorrelograms (SAC), 38, 4 Shuffled cross-correlograms (SCC),

109, 111 Single-unit, 259

recording, 282 Size

information, 286 modulation, 288, 290

Sound level, 227

Sound-source, determination, 310

Source, segregation, 285 Sparse, imaging, 228 Spatial, location, 248 Speaker, 275

size, 285, 288 Spectral

coding, 113 edges, 43 masking, 16 notches, 43 summation, 243

Spectral receptive field (SRF), 253 Spectro-temporal receptive fields

(STRF), 248, 262 Speech, 285, 295

comprehension, 227

Speech intelligibility index, 525, 531, 556

Speech perception, robust, 107 Spetrogram, 249–250

Squirrel monkey, 191, 192 Stochastic point process, 276 STRAIGHT, 286

Stream formation, 248

segregation, 247, 251, 267, 285, 290 Superior olivary complex (SOC),

191–192, 194 Superior olive

lateral, 389, 425 medial, 418, 447

Superior temporal sulcus, 281 Suppression, 11, 111, 117–118, 120,

122–123, 128–129, 131, 170–171, 475, 480

low-side, 11 Supramarginal, gyrus, 281 Sustained field (SF), 99 Synaptic, depression, 252 Synchronization

degree of, 5 neural, 2, 5

Synchronized, cochlear region, 5 Synchrony, neural, 1

T

Temporal disparities, 485 dynamics, 323

Index

envelope, 8, 35, 46, 92, 143, 460, 534 integration, 242, 273

lobe, 230, 233 modulation, 477, 551 pattern, 272 regularity, 273

window, 117, 165, 376, 380 Temporal window, 118, 165–167,

169–172

Thalamo-cortical, projections, 253 Thalamus, 281

Timbre, 248, 285, 333 Time

constant, 166–168, 171–172, 255 normalized, 63

Timing, stimulus related frequency -, 4 Tonal, interference, 317

Tone

burst, 268 pip, 325

Transfer function, head-related, 476 Transient, chopper, 337

Transition rate, 277

Transposed stimuli, 485–486, 488, 490, 492

Traveling wave, 502

Tuning curve, 253, 261, 486, 499, 515, 542

565

Two-tone complex, 298 suppression, 333

Two tone suppression, 14–15

U

Ultrasound, 185 Uncorrelated

features, 248

noise, 323, 344, 377, 383, 388, 412, 468, 480, 514

spike times, 38 streams, 250

Unmasking, 252

V

Ventral cochlear nucleus (VCN), 27, 32, 35, 38, 43–44, 115

Vocoder, 478 Vowel, 285, 333, 338

spatiotemporal encoding of, 107

W

Wavelet decomposition, 248

Weber-Fechner law, 215, 223

Z

Zebra finch, 207–211