Учебники / Otolaryngology - Basic Science and Clinical Review
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760 INDEX
Tympanoplasty (Continued) |
fluid spaces of, 279 |
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), |
with ossicular linkage preservation, 271 |
testing of, 420 |
in head and neck cancer, 149 |
ossiculoplasty with, 271–272 |
vestibular function of, 355, 410–411 |
Vascular malformations, 210–211, |
static pressure in, 272 |
Uvula, 553f, 555f |
701–702 |
type I, 271 |
development of, 450–451 |
classification of, 701 |
type II, 271 |
Uvular muscle, 628 |
combined, 701 |
type III, 271 |
Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP) |
high-flow, 701–702 |
type IV, 270–271, 270f |
complications of, 80 |
low-flow, 701–702 |
type V, 270–271 |
for obstructive sleep apnea, 79–80 |
surgical treatment of, 701–702 |
Tympanosquamous fissure, 275 |
success rates in, 79–80 |
syndromes associated with, 702 |
U |
Uvulopalatoplasty, laser-assisted, 179 |
Vascular territory, 694, 704–705 |
for obstructive sleep apnea, 80, 188 |
Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, 706 |
|
Ulcers |
V |
Vasoconstriction |
aphthous, 630 |
in flap dynamics, 706 |
|
in Behçet’s syndrome, 50–51 |
Vagus nerve (CN X), 621–622 |
in hemostasis, 3 |
contact, vocal cord, 574 |
versus ansa cervicalis, 604 |
in wound healing, 12–13 |
oral cavity, 630 |
auricular branch of, 281 |
hypoxic, 64 |
Ultimobranchial bodies, development |
clinical considerations of, 622 |
Vasodilating agents, for flap survival |
of, 503 |
components of, 621 |
enhancement, 707 |
Ultrafast computed tomography, 669 |
damage to, 622 |
Vasopressin, in inner ear homeostasis, 330 |
Ultrapulse, 188 |
in eustachian tube control, 279 |
Vein(s), 696f, 698f. See also specific veins |
Ultrasound |
in fourth branchial arch, 501t, 502, 513 |
adult pattern of, 698f, 699 |
disadvantages of, 668 |
general somatic afferent of, 621–622 |
Velocardiofacial syndrome, 235 |
of neck, 668 |
general visceral efferent of, 621–622 |
Velocity storage, 413 |
in parathyroid disease, 676 |
innervation by, 621–622 |
Velosef (cephradine), 115t |
in stridor, 215 |
esophageal, 563f, 564–565 |
Vena comitans, 605 |
in thyroiditis, 654 |
laryngeal, 513, 513f, 517–518 |
Venous malformations, 701 |
Ultraviolet radiation, 683, 685 |
neck, 605f, 606 |
Venous thrombosis, due to factor V Leiden |
Umami, 631 |
pharyngeal, 560, 562, 606 |
deficiency, 232 |
Unasyn (ampicillin-sulbactam), 113 |
special visceral efferent of, 621–622 |
Ventilation |
Uncinate process, 464–465, 464f |
tumor of, 622f–623f |
alveolar, 63 |
development of, 451 |
visceral afferent of, 621–622 |
dead space, 63 |
Uniparental disomy, 228 |
Validity, 173–174 |
in infants and children, 202–203 |
Upper aerodigestive tract |
external, 173–174 |
measurements of, 63 |
anatomic relationships of, 566–567 |
internal, 174 |
mechanical. See Mechanical ventilation |
pathology of, 574 |
Valleculae, 554, 556, 556f |
minute, 63 |
Upper airway |
Vancomycin, 118 |
resting, 63 |
collapse, during sleep, 67, 72 |
chemistry of, 118 |
Ventilation/perfusion (V/Q), 64 |
congenital abnormalities of, 67 |
mechanism of action, 118 |
Ventilation system contamination, |
environmental effects on, 164–167 |
ototoxicity of, 133 |
165–166 |
obstruction of, 67–68 |
pharmacokinetics of, 118 |
Ventral acoustic stria, 353–354, 353t |
flow-volume curves of, 67–68, 67f |
resistance to, 118 |
Ventral oblique muscle, 593f |
physiology of, 67–68 |
side effects of, 118 |
Ventral rectus muscle, 593f |
Upper airway resistance syndrome, |
spectrum of activity, 118 |
Verapamil, for flap survival |
72f, 76–77 |
van der Hoeve’s syndrome, 257 |
enhancement, 707 |
Upper esophageal sphincter (UES), 563, 567, |
Vantin (cefpodoxime), 115t, 116 |
Vergeture, 533 |
570–571 |
Variable(s), 175 |
Vermilion border, 627, 700 |
Upper lateral cartilage, 457f, 458, 467, 473 |
continuous, 175 |
Verrucous carcinoma, laryngeal, |
Upper respiratory infections |
definition of, 175 |
582–583, 582f |
bacterial, 85–89 |
dependent, 175 |
Vertebral artery, 693–694 |
defense mechanisms against, 83–85 |
discrete, 175 |
Vertebrobasilar infarct, 297, 298f |
fungal, 85 |
independent, 175 |
Vertical crest (Bill’s bar), 280, 422, 620 |
and olfactory dysfunction, 493t, 494 |
interval, 175 |
computed tomography of, 433f–434f, |
viral, 85, 92–96 |
nominal, 175 |
435, 619f |
Ureidopenicillins, 113 |
ordinal, 175 |
Vertigo, 358–359 |
Urokinase, and surgical |
ratio, 175 |
augmentation, in fast phase, 413 |
hemostasis/coagulation, 4t |
Varicella pneumonia, 205 |
benign paroxysmal positional, 311, 311f, |
Usher’s syndrome, 239–240, 244, 287–290 |
Vascular anatomy, 693–703. See also specific |
411, 415 |
type I, 239–240, 289f, 290 |
anatomic structures and vessels |
in Cogan’s syndrome, 55 |
type II, 240, 290 |
direct cutaneous, 704 |
in Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, 56 |
type III, 240, 290 |
fasciocutaneous, 704 |
loop diuretics and, 130 |
Utricle |
and flap design, 694, 699–701, 704–705 |
in Meniere’s syndrome, 309–311, 311f |
anatomy of, 279–280 |
musculocutaneous, 704 |
quinine and, 132–133 |
development of, 254 |
surgical considerations of, 699–701 |
in relapsing polychondritis, 51–52 |
INDEX 761
in Sjögren’s syndrome, 50 |
torsional pendulum model of, 411 |
Vitamin B complex |
testing for, 415–420 |
velocity storage in, 413 |
deficiency of, 23 |
Vestibular aqueduct, computed tomography |
Vestibule |
supplemental, 23 |
of, 433f–434f, 435 |
ear, 279 |
and wound healing, 23 |
Vestibular fold, 509–510, 509f |
laryngeal, 509f, 510 |
Vitamin C |
Vestibular ganglion, development of, 254 |
nasal, 461, 467 |
deficiency of, 23 |
Vestibular hair cells, 409–411 |
Vestibulocerebellum, 357, 357t |
excess doses of, 23 |
Vestibular ligament, 509 |
Vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII), 619–620. |
and wound healing, 23 |
Vestibular nerve, 276, 277f, 280, 355–357, |
See also Cochlear nerve; |
Vitamin D |
619–620 |
Vestibular nerve |
deficiency of, 23 |
firing rate of, 410 |
clinical considerations of, 620 |
functions of, 23 |
projections of, 355–357, 357t |
Vestibulocolic reflex, 409, 413 |
and wound healing, 23 |
Vestibular nucleus, 356–357 |
Vestibulo-ocular reflex, 356f, 358–359, |
Vitamin E, and wound healing, 24 |
projections to and from, 357, 357t |
409, 412–413 |
Vitamin K |
Vestibular pathways, 356f |
cerebellar control of, 413 |
in coagulation, 6f, 7, 24 |
afferent, 355–359 |
testing of, 415, 416f |
and wound healing, 24 |
efferent, 359 |
caloric test in, 356f, 358, 416–417 |
Vocal cords/folds, 502, 509f, 510 |
Vestibular periphery, 409–410 |
electronystagmogram in, 415–416 |
abnormalities of, 532–533 |
Vestibular receptor(s), 355 |
rotational tests in, 417–419, |
carcinoma of, 532–533 |
Vestibular receptor epithelium, adequate |
418f, 419t |
contact ulcers of, 574 |
stimuli for, 410 |
tests under development, 420 |
false, 509, 509f |
Vestibular schwannoma. See Acoustic neuroma |
visual-vestibular interaction in, 419 |
granular cell tumor of, 577–578, 577f |
Vestibular system |
Vestibulospinal reflexes, 409, 413 |
histology of, 543, 543f |
adjustment in, 413 |
Vestibulospinal tract, 357–358 |
laser treatment of, 188 |
anatomy of, 279–280 |
Vfend (voriconazole), 126–127 |
layered structure of, 543, 543f, |
asymmetrical responses of, 410 |
Vibramycin (doxycycline), 120–121 |
549–550, 550f |
bidirectional responses of, 410 |
Vibrissae, 461 |
length, mass, and tension of, 546 |
cellular composition of, 324t |
Vicryl, 711 |
muscular action on, 517 |
cerebellar regulation of, 413 |
Videofluoroscopy, in stridor, 215 |
nodules of, 533, 574 |
directional sensitivity in, 410–411 |
Vidian nerve, 562, 629 |
oscillation/vibration of, 531, 537, |
dysfunction of, 358–359 |
Vinca alkaloids, neurotoxicity of, 522 |
539–543 |
aminoglycosides and, 118, 118t, |
Vinorelbine, for head and neck cancer, 145 |
elliptical nature of, 542 |
128, 295 |
Viral infection(s), 85 |
and voice register, 541–542, 542f |
antineoplastic agents and, 131–132 |
host resistance to, 89–90, 89f |
paralysis or paresis of, 220–221, |
aspirin and, 103 |
latency of, 91 |
518–520 |
in benign paroxysmal positional vertigo, |
and otologic disorders, 93–95 |
acquired, 220 |
311, 311f, 411, 415 |
pathogenesis of, 91 |
bilateral versus unilateral, 220 |
cisplatin and, 131 |
persistent, 91 |
congenital, 220 |
in Cogan’s syndrome, 55 |
respiratory, 92–96 |
diagnosis of, 221 |
in Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, 56 |
treatment of, 91–92, 91t |
Gelfoam injections for, 519 |
inner hair cell loss and, 346–347 |
Viral vectors, for gene therapy, 195 |
management of, 221, 519–520 |
loop diuretics and, 130 |
Virus(es), 90–91 |
nerve-muscle pedicle reinnervation for, |
in Meniere’s syndrome, 309–311, 311f |
DNA, 90–91 |
519–520 |
in mumps, 94 |
life cycle of, 90–91, 90f |
posterior cordotomy for, 519 |
quinine and, 132–133 |
replication of, 90–91 |
reinnervation for, 519 |
in relapsing polychondritis, 51–52 |
RNA, 90–91 |
stridor with, 220–221 |
salicylates and, 132 |
“slow,” 91 |
in stroke patients, 522–523 |
in Sjögren’s syndrome, 50 |
structure of, 90 |
surgical lateralization for, 519 |
in eye movement control, 356f, 358–359 |
tumor, 95–96 |
surgical medialization for, 519 |
functions of, 409 |
Visceral motor oculomotor nucleus, |
Teflon injections for, 519, 711 |
head acceleration in, 410–411, 412f |
612–613 |
tracheotomy for, 519 |
head velocity in, 410–411, 412f |
Visceral space |
in Parkinson’s disease, 520 |
neuronal firing rate in, 410, 412f |
imaging of, 672t–673t, 675–676 |
in phonation, 524–537. See also Phonation |
nonlinearity in, 410 |
pathology of, 672t–673t, 675–676 |
polyps of, 533, 574 |
physiology of, 409–414 |
Viscometer, 482 |
in rheumatoid arthritis, 47 |
testing of, 415–420 |
Visual reinforcement audiometry, 376 |
in singers, 533 |
caloric test in, 356f, 358, 416–417 |
Visual-vestibular interaction, 419 |
surgical anatomy of, 548–550 |
electronystagmogram in, 415–416, |
Vital capacity, 60, 60f |
true, 502, 510, 516 |
417f, 417t |
Vitamin A |
Vocal fry register, 541 |
posturography in, 419–420 |
for aged skin, 26 |
Vocalis ligament, in laryngeal cancer, 581 |
rotational tests in, 417–419, 418f, 419t |
deficiency of, 22–23 |
Vocalis muscle, 511–512 |
tests under development, 420 |
physiological roles of, 22 |
in laryngeal cancer, 581 |
vestibulo-ocular reflex in, 415, 416f |
supplemental, 22–23 |
in phonation, 525 |
visual-vestibular interaction in, 419 |
and wound healing, 22–23 |
in swallowing, 570 |
762 INDEX
Vocal ligament, 510, 516 |
Voriconazole, 126–127 |
in cartilage, 27–28 |
biomechanics of, 526 |
mechanism of action, 126 |
cellular and biochemical components of, 12t |
Vocal process gap, 531 |
pharmacokinetics of, 127 |
cellular basis of, 11–12, 12t |
Vocal process of arytenoid, 507–508, 507f |
side effects of, 127 |
cellular proliferation in, 9, 11–12, 12f |
Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada (VKH) syndrome, 55 |
spectrum of activity, 126–127 |
cellular and biochemical components |
Voice disorder(s), 547–551 |
W |
of, 12t |
in dystonia/dysphonia, 520 |
duration of, 15 |
|
in laryngeal hypofunction, 518–520 |
Waardenburg-Shah syndrome, 291 |
clotting disorders and, 13 |
laryngeal innervation in, 517–518 |
Waardenburg’s syndrome, 240, 290–291, 291f |
failures of, 21–22 |
in Parkinson’s disease, 520 |
cleft lip/palate in, 453 |
extrinsic factors in, 21 |
phonation in, 524–535 |
type I, 240, 290 |
intrinsic factors in, 21–22 |
phonosurgery for, 536–537, 548–550 |
type II, 240, 290–291 |
reduction of risk for, 21–22 |
in stroke patients, 522–523 |
type III, 291 |
in fetus, 30 |
in vocal fold paralysis or paresis, 518–520 |
type IV, 291 |
fibroplasia in, 10 |
in vocal or laryngeal tremors, 520–521 |
Waldeyer’s ring, 557, 576 |
growth factors in, 12–13, 13t–14t, 17 |
Voice production, 524–535 |
Wallenberg’s syndrome, 522 |
hemostasis in, 9–13, 12f, 12t |
laryngeal biomechanics in, 525–526, |
Warfarin |
history and progress of, 10–11 |
536–537 |
and surgical hemostasis/coagulation, 4t, 7 |
inflammation in, 9–11, 12f, 12t, 13–15 |
laryngeal position and, 514–515, 537 |
vitamin K therapy with, 24 |
injury type and, 10 |
pathology of, 547–550. See also Voice |
Warthin’s tumor, 674 |
integrity of, 16–17, 16f |
disorder(s) |
Water balance, in inner ear, 325–326 |
iron and, 24 |
phonation in, 524–537 |
Water transporters (aquaporins), in inner ear, |
lathyrogens and, 25–26 |
abnormal, 532–533 |
319–322, 322f, 324, 329–330 |
macrophages in, 12t, 14–15, 14t |
phonosurgery for, 536–537, 548–550 |
Weak triangle, nasal, 457f, 458 |
magnesium and, 24 |
active F0 control in, 528–529 |
Wegener’s granulomatosis, 52–53 |
maturation in, 9–11, 12f |
breathy, normal, and pressed, 530 |
clinical characteristics of, 52 |
nutritional factors in, 22–23 |
cessation of, adduction and, 526 |
epidemiology of, 52 |
oxygen and, 24–25 |
DC-to-AC conversion in, |
head and neck manifestations of, 52–53 |
oxygen-derived free radicals and, 26 |
537–538, 538f |
laboratory findings in, 52 |
perioperative preparation for, 30 |
fundamental frequency of, string model |
nasal findings in, 52–53 |
postoperative care in, 30 |
for, 528 |
otologic findings in, 52–53 |
primary closure in, 16–17 |
glottal flow in, 527–528, 527f |
treatment of, 53 |
remodeling in, 12t, 17–18 |
skewing of, 529–530, 529f |
Weight control, for obstructive sleep |
scar formation in, 9, 18–21 |
spectral aspects of, 530 |
apnea, 78 |
secondary intention in, 17 |
instabilities in, 529 |
Well-differentiated neuroendocrine carcinoma |
in skin grafts, 27 |
intraglottal pressures in, 531, 531f |
(WDNEC), 583–585 |
smoking and, 25 |
laryngeal biomechanics in, 525–526 |
Wernicke’s aphasia, 354 |
in specialized circumstances, 27–30 |
laryngeal flow resistance in, |
Wernicke’s area, 354 |
stages of, 9–11, 12f |
531–532, 532f |
Wharton’s (submandibular) duct, 629, |
steroids and, 25 |
in men versus women, 530 |
636, 636f |
surgical, ideal goal of, 9–10 |
passive F0 control in, 528 |
obstruction of, 673, 673f |
tensile strength in, 16–17 |
physiology of, 537–541 |
Wheezing, 213 |
in tympanic membrane, 29–30 |
pressure equilibration in, 527 |
Whirlin, 318 |
via contracture, 17 |
vocal fold oscillation/vibration in, |
White line, nasal, 461 |
vitamin A and, 22–23 |
531, 538 |
Whole-body plethysmography, of lung |
vitamin B complex and, 23 |
Voice quality, 530, 545–546 |
volumes, 60–62, 61f |
vitamin C and, 23 |
epiglottic tumors and, 580 |
Whole-nerve action potential (WNAP), |
vitamin D and, 23 |
Voice register, 541–542, 542f, 545 |
382–383 |
vitamin E and, 24 |
Volatile compounds, 164–165 |
WHRN gene mutation, 318 |
vitamin K and, 24 |
Volume of distribution, 99–100 |
Widened scars, 19 |
wound-breaking strength in, 16–18, 16f |
Vomer, 461–462, 462f |
Willis, circle of, 693–694 |
Wound infection, 11, 21 |
Vomeronasal organ of Jacobson, 450 |
Winklekarzinom, 580 |
vitamin C deficiency and, 23 |
Vomiting, pharyngeal function in, 557 |
Wolff’s law, of bone healing, 29 |
Wrinkling. See also Facial aging |
von Eber glands, 556–557 |
Word recognition testing, for ototoxicity, 133 |
Glogau scale of, 683t |
von Hippel-Lindau disease, 307–309, |
Work of breathing, 65–66 |
Wrisberg, intermediate nerve of, 422 |
310f, 702 |
Wound debridement, macrophages in, 14, 14t |
X |
von Recklinghausen disease, 231 |
Wound healing, 9–31 |
|
von Willebrand factor (vWF), 5 |
aging and, 26–27 |
X chromosome, 226–228 |
von Willebrand’s disease, 2t, 3, 231 |
alcohol and, 25 |
X chromosome deficiency (XO), 234 |
genetics of, 231 |
amino acids, dietary, and, 22 |
Xerostomia, 630 |
treatment of, 231 |
anti-inflammatory drugs and, 25 |
gustatory dysfunction in, 631 |
type 1, 231 |
in bone, 28–29 |
in progressive systemic sclerosis, 48 |
type 2, 231 |
in bone grafts, 29 |
radiation therapy-induced, management |
type 3, 231 |
calcium and, 17, 24 |
of, 143 |
|
|
INDEX 763 |
secondary disorders with, 630 |
Zell-ballen pattern, 578–579, 579f, 651 |
Zona accuata, 315f |
in Sjögren’s syndrome, 50, 630 |
Zenker’s diverticulum, 557, 675 |
Zona pecta, 315f |
treatment of, 50 |
Zidovudine (AZT), ototoxicity of, 94 |
Zosyn (piperacillin-tazobactam), 113 |
X-linked disorders, 227–228 |
Zinacef (cefuroxime), 115t, 116 |
Zyderm, 712 |
Y |
Zinc |
Zygoma, 276f |
deficiency of, 24 |
Zygomatic muscle, 635f |
|
Y chromosome, 226–228 |
inhalation of, 165 |
major, 695f–696f |
Z |
supplemental, 24 |
minor, 695f–696f |
and wound healing, 17, 24 |
Zygomatic nerve, 615–616, 635 |
|
Zantac (ranitidine), 101 |
Zinc finger proteins, 194 |
Zyplast, 712 |
Zefazone (cefmetazole), 116 |
Zithromax (azithromycin), 122–123 |
Zyvox (linezolid), 124–125 |