Учебники / Otolaryngology - Basic Science and Clinical Review

For otolaryngology–head and neck surgeons in training as residents and fellows, it is a difficult task to keep up with all of the advances in the basic and clinical sciences that impact the medical and surgical practice of their specialty. It is also pertinent to the practice of otolaryngology–head and neck surgery for interested medical students and lecturers in medical school faculties who teach students and resident physicians to have a reference book that clearly presents the basic principles.This book serves as an excellent resource for residents preparing for board exams, students studying for exams, and a refresher for practioners and all other interested parties. It is a natural by-prod- uct of a Basic Sciences in Otolaryngology course that was taught at the NewYork Academy of Medicine.This course was first organized as a Saturday teaching program, and at the behest of Professors Max Abramson (chairman of the Department of Otolaryngology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University) and Bob Ruben (chairman of the Department of Otolaryngology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine,Yeshiva University), I reorganized and expanded the scope of the course and became the academic director for over 15 years. Six NewYork and one New Jersey otolaryngology–head and neck surgery residency training programs participated in this basic sciences course on Tuesday evenings at the NewYork Academy of Medicine.The course became very comprehensive and covered almost all of the basic and clinical science aspects of otolaryngology–head and neck surgery. In 1991, I renamed this resident teaching program the Maxwell Abramson Basic Sciences Course in Otolaryngology to honor Max after his untimely and tragic death. The content and relevancy of this course have been continually improved by responding to the critiques and suggestions provided by the attending residents, medical students, fellows, residency program directors, program chairs, and lecturers. It remained current by the hard work of the invited lecturers who continually incorporated contemporary advances into the talks they gave that covered their

respective fields of expertise.The subject matter and information presented in this book are a product of that process of updating and refinement.

Because this book attempts to cover the entire field of otolaryngology–head and neck surgery, it is very comprehensive and therefore is composed of 60 chapters. These chapters are arranged into six broadly defined sections. Chapters 1 to 19 comprise Section I,The Basic Principles; Chapters 20 to 36 form Section II,The Ear, Hearing, and Balance; Chapters 37 to 40 comprise Section III,The Nose, Olfaction, and the Sinuses; chapters 41 to 51 cover section IV,The Larynx,Voice, and Neck; Chapters 52 to 55 represent sectionV,The Oral Cavity,Taste, and the Glands of the Neck; and Chapters 56 to 60 are Section VI, Facial Plastics and Miscellaneous.

The authors invited to write each chapter were selected because they are leaders and experts in their subject areas and for their ability to confer their knowledge in a clear and concise format that is appropriate for the targeted audience. There are over 100 authors who have contributed to Otolaryngology: Basic Science and Clinical Review. These authors come from such diverse fields as anatomy, auditory physiology, pharmacology, radiology, general otolaryngology, molecular biology, molecular genetics, plastic surgery, infectious diseases, pediatrics, otology, neurotology, phonosurgery, voice, head and neck surgery, and oncology.They hold such diverse degrees as Ph.D.s, Au.D.s, and M.D.s, but a uniting factor is that they are all teachers with a desire to educate, who consider it both their duty and a privilege to pass on their accumulated knowledge to interested students, residents, and fellows.

This book is dedicated not only to the memory of Professor Maxwell Abramson, who was both a caring physician and a gifted teacher, but also to the many residents, medical students, and fellows who have participated in this course over the years and whose intelligent and thoughtful input improved the content of the Maxwell

Abramson Basic Sciences in Otolaryngology course and therefore the final content of this book.We also thank the many authors who spent countless hours writing, rewriting, and updating their chapters, for without their dedication and hard work, none of this would have been possible.

No book is accomplished without many hours that turn into days and then into weeks and months stolen from our families with their knowledge and assent.We acknowledge this sacrifice and express our deep gratitude to our wives, Jeanette Van De Water and Danielle

Staecker, for both their understanding and generosity of spirit.

Otolaryngology: Basic Science and Clinical Review could never have seen the light of day without the very able assistance and help from our editor, Esther Gumpert, and our very capable, committed, and multitalented associate editor, Birgitta Brandenburg, at Thieme Medical Publishers in NewYork.

Thomas R. Van De Water, Ph.D.

Hinrich Staecker, M.D., Ph.D.

Otolaryngology: Basic Science and Clinical Review fills a unique requirement for a contemporary, definitive textbook that covers the expansive fields of basic and clinical sciences in otolaryngology.

The education of medical students and residents to become practicing otolaryngologists is a primary function of any department of otolaryngology–head and neck surgery.To become skilled clinicians and surgeons, residents must have a firm understanding of the scientific precepts that form the bases for the clinical and surgical practice of their chosen specialty.

This textbook is the natural outgrowth of a basic science in otolaryngology course that was organized and taught by ThomasVan DeWater, Ph.D., at the NewYork Academy of Medicine for over 15 years.The textbook benefits from refinements and the continuous updating of that course in response to feedback from students, residents, and faculty. Knowledge is presented in a clear and comprehensive format written by experts in each of the disciplines who have kept their targeted audience in mind.

There is at present no other textbook in the specialty of otolaryngology–head and neck surgery that brings together all of the basic and clinical science knowledge needed for a comprehensive understanding of this surgical/medical specialty.As the first of its genre, Otolaryngology: Basic Science and Clinical Review fills a much needed place in the education of residents, provides a resource for medical students interested in pursuing a career in this specialty, and acts as a study guide for recent graduates of training programs.This ambitious text—detailing the explosion of knowledge underpinning a highly diverse spe- cialty—is destined to become both required reading for residents and an authoritative reference for practicing otolaryngologists. Professor Van De Water and associate editor Hinrich Staecker, M.D., Ph.D., along with the expert authors gathered here, are to be congratulated for this outstanding contribution to our specialty.

Thomas J. Balkany, M.D., F.A.C.S., F.A.A.P.

EDITOR

Thomas R.Van De Water, Ph.D.

Director

Cochlear Implant Research Program

University of Miami Ear Institute

Professor

Department of Otolaryngology

Miller School of Medicine

University of Miami

Miami, Florida

ASSOCIATE EDITOR

Hinrich Staecker, M.D., Ph.D.

Director

Otology and Neurotology Program

Associate Professor

Department of Otorhinolaryngology–

Head and Neck Surgery

University of Maryland School of

Medicine

Baltimore, Maryland

CONTRIBUTORS

Simon I. Angeli, M.D.

Associate Professor

Department of Otolaryngology

Miller School of Medicine

University of Miami

Miami, Florida

Abigail Arad-Cohen, M.D.

Shoham, Israel

Lanny Garth Close, M.D.

Howard W. Smith Professor and Chair

Department of Otolaryngology–

Head and Neck Surgery

College of Physicians & Surgeons

Columbia University

Presbyterian Hospital

NewYork, NewYork

Noel L. Cohen, M.D.

Chairman Emeritus

Department of Otolaryngology

NewYork University School of

Medicine

NewYork, NewYork

John K. M. Coleman, Ph.D.

Senior Research Scientist

Department of Otolaryngology

Naval Medical Center–San Diego

San Diego, California

Robin T. Cotton, M.D.

Professor

Department of Otolaryngology

Children's Hospital Medical Center

University of Cincinnati College of

Medicine

Cincinnati, Ohio

David R. Edelstein, M.D., F.A.C.S.

Chief

Division of Otolaryngology/Nasal Sinus

Disease/Endoscopy

Manhattan Eye, Ear and Throat Hospital

NewYork, NewYork

Adrien A. Eshraghi, M.Sc., M.D.

Associate Professor

Department of Otolaryngology

Miller School of Medicine

University of Miami

Jackson Memorial Hospital

Miami, Florida

Joseph Feghali, M.D., F.A.C.S.

Adjunct Professor

Department of Otolaryngology and

Neurological Surgery

Albert Einstein College of Medicine

Montefiore Medical Center

Bronx, NewYork

Elizabeth J. Franzmann, M.D.

Assistant Professor

Department of Otolaryngology

Miller School of Medicine

University of Miami

Miami, Florida

Dorothy Frenz, Ph.D.

Director

Otolaryngology Research

Professor

Departments of Otolaryngology and

Anatomy and Structural Biology

Albert Einstein College of Medicine

Bronx, NewYork

Neal Futran, M.D.

Assistant Professor

Department of Otolaryngology–Head

and Neck Surgery

University of Washington

Seattle,Washington

Peter G. Gillespie, Ph.D.

Professor of Otolaryngology and Cell

Biology

Oregon Hearing Research Center

Oregon Health and Sciences University

Portland, Oregon

Bradley J. Goldstein, M.D., Ph.D.

Assistant Professor

Department of Otolaryngology–Head

and Neck Surgery

The Johns Hopkins University School of

Medicine

Baltimore, Maryland

Alexander W. Gotta, M.D.

Chairman Emeritus

Department of Pharmacology

Downstate Medical Center

State University of NewYork

Brooklyn, NewYork

John H. Greinwald, Jr., M.D.

Associate Professor of Otolaryngology

and Pediatrics

Department of Otolaryngology

Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology

Children's Hospital Medical Center

University of Cinncinati College of

Medicine

Cincinnati, Ohio

John H. Grose, M.D.

Department of Otolaryngology–

Head and Neck Surgery

University of North Carolina at Chapel

Hill

Chapel Hill, North Carolina

Jeffrey P. Harris, M.D.

Chairman

Department of Otolaryngology

Head and Neck Surgery Clinic

University of California–San Diego

Medical Center

La Jolla, California

Christopher J. Hartnick, M.D.

Assistant Professor

Department of Otology and

Laryngology

Harvard Medical School

Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary

Boston, Massachusetts

Gerald B. Healy, M.D.

Professor

Department of Otology and

Laryngology

Children’s Hospital

Harvard Medical School

Boston, Massachusetts

G. Richard Holt, M.D.,

M.S.E., M.P.H.

University of Texas Health Science

Center

San Antonio,Texas

David Huang, M.D., Ph.D.

Department of Radiation Oncology

Miller School of Medicine

University of Miami

Miami, Florida

Golda Hudes, M.D., Ph.D.

Assistant Professor

Department of Medicine (Allergy &

Immunology)

Department of Otolaryngology

Albert Einstein College of

Medicine

Montefiore Medical Center

Bronx, NewYork

Steven R. Issacson, M.D., F.A.C.S.

Associate Professor

Departments of Radiation Oncology

and Otolaryngology

College of Physicians & Surgeons

Columbia University

Presbyterian Hospital

NewYork, NewYork

Ronald Jackson, Ph.D.

Senior Scientist

Department of Otolaryngology

Naval Medical Center

San Diego, California

R. L. Jackson, M.D.

Department of Defense Spatial

Orientation Center

Naval Medical Center

San Diego, California

Brian Jewett, M.D.

Assistant Professor

Department of Otolaryngology

Division of Facial Plastic Surgery

Miller School of Medicine

University of Miami

Miami, Florida

Charles P. Kimmelmann, M.D.,

M.B.A., F.A.C.S.

Associate Clinical Professor

Department of Otorhinolaryngology

Weill Cornell Medical Center

NewYork, NewYork

Richard D. Kopke, M.D., F.A.C.S.

Clinical Professor

Department of Otorhinolaryngology

University of Oklahoma Health

Sciences Center

Director, Hough Ear Institute

Oklahoma City, Oklahoma

Lane Krevitt, M.D.

Adjunct Clinical Instructor

Department of Otolaryngology

Albert Einstein College of Medicine

Montefiore Medical Center

Bronx, NewYork

Daniel B. Kuriloff, M.D., F.A.C.S.

Associate Professor

Department of Otolaryngology–Head

and Neck Surgery

College of Physicians & Surgeons

Columbia University

Presbyterian Hospital

NewYork, NewYork

Daniel B. Kurtz, Ph.D.

Assistant Professor

Department of Biology

Utica College

Utica, NewYork

Jeffrey T. Laitman, Ph.D.

Professor and Director

Center for Anatomy and Functional Morphology

Professor, Department of Otolaryngology

Mount Sinai School of Medicine NewYork, NewYork

Philippe P. Lefebvre, M.D., Ph.D.

Professor and Chairman

Department of Otolaryngology and

Audiophonology

University of Liège

Liège, Belgium

Alan David Legatt, M.D., Ph.D.

Professor

Department of Neurology

Albert Einstein College of Medicine

Director, EEG Laboratory

Director, Evoked Potential Laboratory

Director, Intraoperative Neurophysiology

Montefiore Medical Center

Bronx, NewYork

Ira M. Leviton, M.D.

Department of Internal Medicine

Division of Infectious Diseases

Albert Einstein College of Medicine

Montefiore Medical Center

Bronx, NewYork

M. Charles Liberman, Ph.D.

Professor

Department of Otology and Laryngology

Harvard Medical School

Director

Eaton Peabody Laboratory

Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary

Boston, Massachusetts

Scott Lilly, D.D.S., M.D.

Oklahoma Oncology, Inc.

Tulsa, Oklahoma

David J. Lim, M.D.

ExecutiveVice President of Research

Head, Gonda Department of Cell and

Molecular Biology

House Ear Institute

Adjunct Professor

University of Southern California

Los Angeles, California

Jianzhong Liu, M.D.

Department of Otorhinolaryngology

University of Oklahoma Health

Sciences Center

Hough Ear Institute

Oklahoma City, Oklahoma

Dinesh Mehta, M.D., F.A.C.S.,

F.R.C.S.

Clinical Associate Professor

Department of Otolaryngology–

Head and Neck Surgery

Albert Einstein College of

Medicine

Montefiore Medical Center

Bronx, NewYork

Saumil N. Merchant, M.D.

Associate Professor

Department of Otology and

Laryngology

Harvard Medical School

Massachusetts Eye and

Ear Infirmary

Boston, Massachusetts

Kristine Mosier, D.M.D., Ph.D.

Assistant Professor

Department of Radiology

Indiana University School of

Medicine

Indianapolis, Indiana

Joseph B. Nadol, Jr., M.D.

Professor and Chairman

Department of Otology and

Laryngology

Harvard Medical School

Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary

Boston, Massachusetts

Hari Nadiminti, M.D.

Resident, Internal Medicine

Harvard Medical School

Massachusetts General Hospital

Boston, Massachusetts

Drew M. Noden, Ph.D.

Professor of Embryology and Animal

Development

Department of Biomedical Sciences

College ofVeterinary Medicine

Cornell University

Ithaca, NewYork

Jane A. Petro, M.D., F.A.C.S.

Professor

Department of Surgery

Division of Plastic Surgery

NewYork Medical College

White Plains, NewYork

Walter M. Ralph, Jr., M.D., Ph.D.

Department of Surgery

Division of Ololaryngology

St Johns Queens Hospital

Elmhurst, NewYork

Gregory W. Randolph, M.D.

Department of Otology and

Laryngology

Harvard Medical School

Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary

Boston, Massachusetts

Steven D. Rauch, M.D.

Associate Professor

Department of Otolaryngology

Harvard Medical School

Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary

Boston, Massachusetts

Joy S. Reidenberg, Ph.D.

Associate Professor

Center for Anatomy and Functional Morphology

Mount Sinai School of Medicine NewYork University School of Medicine NewYork, NewYork

William J. Richtsmeier, M.D.

Chief

Otolaryngology Service

Bassett Healthcare

Cooperstown, NewYork

Hector P. Rodriguez, M.D.

Assistant Professor

Department of Otolaryngology–Head

and Neck Surgery

Director of Rhinology

College of Physicians and Surgeons

Columbia University

Presbyterian Hospital

NewYork, NewYork

David Rosenstreich, M.D.

Department of Medicine

Albert Einstein School of Medicine

Montefiore Medical Center

Bronx, NewYork

John J. Rosowski, Ph.D.

Professor

Department of Otology and

Laryngology

Harvard Medical School

Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary

Boston, Massachusetts

Jackson Roush, Ph.D.

Professor and Director

Division of Speech and Hearing

Sciences

School of Medicine

University of North Carolina at

Chapel Hill

Chapel Hill, North Carolina

Robert J. Ruben, M.D.

Distinguished University Professor

Department of Otolaryngology–

Head and Neck Surgery

Albert Einstein College of Medicine

Montefiore Medical Center

Bronx, NewYork

John S. Rubin, M.D., F.A.C.S.,

F.R.C.S.

Consultant Surgeon

The Royal National Throat, Nose and

Ear Hospital

Division of The Royal Free N.H.S.Trust

London, United Kingdom

Leonard P. Rybak, M.D., Ph.D.

Distinguished Professor

Department of Surgery

Division of Otolaryngology

Southern Illinois University School of

Medicine

Springfield, Ilinois

Ronald C. Scherer, Ph.D.

Professor

Department of Communication Disorders

Bowling Green State University

Bowling Green, Ohio

Gregory J. Schilero, M.D.

Assistant Professor

Department of Medicine

Mount Sinai School of Medicine

Mount Sinai Medical Center

NewYork, NewYork

James E. Schwob, M.D, Ph.D.

Professor and Chair

Department of Anatomy and

Cellular Biology

Tufts University School of Medicine

Boston, Massachusetts

Nancy Sculerati, M.D.

Pediatric Otolaryngologist (retired)

NewYork University School of Medicine

NewYork, NewYork

Carl E. Silver, M.D.

Professor

Department of Surgery–Head and Neck

Albert Einstein College of Medicine

Montefiore Medical Center

Bronx, NewYork

Adam Silvers, M.D.

Director of Neuroradiology

Next Generation Radiology

Great Neck, NewYork

Lewis P. Singer, M.D.

Professor

Department of Pediatrics

Albert Einstein College of Medicine

Children's Hospital

Montefiore Medical Center

Bronx, NewYork

Derek D. Sloan, M.D.

Senior Postdoctoral Fellow

Department of Laboratory Medicine

University of Washington

Seattle,Washington

Richard V. Smith, M.D.

Vice Chairman

Associate Professor

Department of Otolaryngology–

Head and Neck Surgery

Medical Arts Pavilion

Albert Einstein College

of Medicine

Montefiore Medical Center

Bronx, NewYork

Ruy Soeiro, M.D.

Professor

Department of Medicine

Albert Einstein College

of Medicine

Montefiore Medical Center

Bronx, NewYork

Peter Som, M.D.

Professor

Department of Radiology and

Otolaryngology

Director

Head and Neck Radiology

Mount Sinai School of Medicine

Montefiore Medical Center

NewYork, NewYork

Bettie Steinberg, Ph.D.

Associate Director

Institute for Medical Research at North Shore

Professor, Department of Ololarnyngology

Long Island Jewish Medical Center New Hyde Park, NewYork

Howard D. Stupak, M.D.

Private Practice

Facial Plastic Surgery

New Haven, Connecticut

Mark D. Suski, M.D.

Private Practice

Westlake Village, California

Giovana Thomas, M.D.

Assistant Professor

Department of Otolaryngology–

Head and Neck Surgery

Division of Head and

Neck Surgery

Miller School of Medicine

University of Miami

Miami, Florida

John S.Touliatos, M.D.

Private Practice

Memphis,Tennessee

Ashok Vaghjimal, M.D.

Private Practice

Allergy,Asthma, and Infectious Disease

Northport,Alabama

Eric P.Voigt, M.D.

Clinical Instructor

Department of Otolaryngology

NewYork University School of

Medicine

NYU Medical Center

NewYork, NewYork

Susan B Waltzman, Ph.D.

Professor

Department of Otolaryngology

Director

Cochlear Implant Program

NewYork University School of Medicine

NewYork, NewYork

Ivan Wayne, M.D.

Department of Otorhinolaryngology

University of Oklahoma Health

Sciences Center

Oklahoma City, Oklahoma

Jeffrey Wolfe, M.D.

Assistant Professor

Department of

Otorhinolaryngology–Head and

Neck Surgery

University of Maryland School of

Medicine

University of Maryland Medical

Center

Baltimore, Maryland

Richard J.Wong, M.D.

Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer

Center

NewYork, NewYork

Peak Woo, M.D.

Professor

Department of Otolaryngology

Mount Sinai School of Medicine

Mount Sinai Medical Center

NewYork, NewYork

Barbara A. Zeifer, M.D.

Vice Chairman

Department of Radiology

Beth Israel Medical Center

NewYork, NewYork

Karen B. Zur, M.D.

Assistant Professor

Department of

Otorhinolaryngology–Head and

Neck Surgery

University of Pennsylvania School of

Medicine

Children's Hospital of Philadelphia

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania