1. Study the vocabulary:

achievement – достижение

acoustics – акустика

course of theoretical phonetics – курс теоретической фонетики

cybernetics – кибернетика

gramophone – граммофон

Hindu – индус

human intercommunication – человеческое общение

laryngoscope – ларингоскоп

loose definition – зд. приблизительное определение

minimal pairs test – тест минимальных пар

non-linguistic science – нелингвистические дисциплины

non-phonetician – нефонетист

phrase – словосочетание

physical property – физическое свойство

recognition – признание

sound substitution – замещение звуков

speech sound – звук речи

theoretical background – зд. теоретическое обоснование

to aim – целить

to articulate – отчетливо произносить

to become involved – становиться задействованным

to regard – рассматривать

to result – следовать

to state – заявлять, сообщать

vocal cords – голосовые связки

2. Answer the questions.

1. What is the purpose of the course of theoretical phonetics?

2. What does the term ‘phonetics’ mean?

3. What definition of phonetics do the phoneticians give?

4. Why does phonetics occupy a peculiar position?

5. Is phonetics a new science?

6. What are the most important dates connected with phonetics?

7. When and where did phonetics as an independent science begin?

8. What is the main principle of phonological analysis?

9. Why is it important to find the ‘minimal pairs’ in the word?

10. What is the definition of the term ‘phoneme’?

11. What can you say about the difference of the sounds and phonemes of your language?

3. Translate the sentences from Russian into English.

1. Определение фонетики, которое дают нефонетисты, формально и неточно.

2. Существует теория, согласно которой фонетика считается не частью грамматики, а независимой ветвью лингвистики.

3. С развитием фонетики устанавливаются более прочные связи с такими науками, как физика (акустика), биология, физиология, психология, кибернетика и др.

4. Древние греки и индусы изучали фонетику с точки зрения физических свойств звуков.

5. Фонологический анализ основывается на принципе изменения значения слов.

6. Слова состоят из отдельных звуков.

7. Фонемы обозначаются группой фонетических символов.

4. Write the nouns connected to Phonetics.

nipnciehtoa phonetician…

nmeehop p……………

nnmaoheep p……………

tacuscioc a……………

nudso s……………

bysmlo s……………

cieov v……………

5. Retell the text. The object of lexicology. Synonyms, antonyms and homonyms

The origin of the word of lexicology is derived from Greek [< ‘lexis’ – words + ‘logos’ – study>].

Lexicology is a science of words or the study of words as a fundamental unit of a language.

There are five parts of lexicology:

1) etymology;

2) lexicography;

3) word-building;

4) phraseology;

5) semantics.

Synonyms, antonyms, homonyms. Synonym is a word having the same or nearly the same meaning of another word or other word in a language. For example: ‘wonderful’, ‘excellent’, ‘fine’, ‘nice’, ‘great’, etc.

Relative synonyms are words having various degrees of action. For example: ‘like’ – ‘love’ – ‘adore’.

Total synonyms are words which can replace each other in any given context. For example: ‘noun’ – ‘substantive’, ‘railway’ – ‘railroad’.

Antonym is a word having a meaning opposite to that of another word (the same part of speech). For example: ‘white’ – ‘black’, ‘dark’ – ‘pale’, ‘good’ – ‘bad’, ‘beautiful’ – ‘ugly’, etc.

Derivational antonyms are created with the help of the affixes. For example: ‘known’ – ‘unknown’, ‘hopeful’ – ‘hopeless’.

Homonyms are two or more words identical in sound and spelling, but different in meaning, distribution (sometimes origin). For example: ‘to run fast’ – ‘to stand fast’.

Homonyms proper are words identical in pronunciation and spelling. For example: ‘ball’ – 1) for game; 2) gathering of people for dancing.

Homophones are words of the same sound, but of different spelling and meaning. For example: ‘play-wright’ – ‘right’ – ‘rite’ – ‘write’.

Homographs are words different in sound and in meaning, but accidentally identical in spelling. For example: ‘wind’ [wind] and ‘wind’ [waind].