- •Latin and Fundamentals of Medical Terminology
- •Гродно 2005
- •Учебное пособие предназначено для иностранных студентов лечебного, педиатрического и медико-психологического факультетов медицинских вузов, изучающих дисциплину «Латинский язык и основы медицинской терминологии» на английском языке.
- •I. ROMAN ALPHABET
- •Letter
- •II. Pronunciation of vowels and diphthongs
- •III. Pronunciation of consonants and digraphs
- •IV. Pronunciation of letter combinations
- •V. EXERCIsES
- •I. Division of words into syllables
- •II. The main rules for the position of an accent in Latin.
- •Rules
- •English
- •Nominative
- •Latin
- •Learn components of medicinal plants
- •Learn names of medicinal plants
- •Learn drug names:
- •before meals
- •as needed
- •every 3 hours
- •Learn names of drugs:
- •Learn names of medicinal plants:
- •Other words:
- •Learn names of drugs:
- •Learn names of medicinal plants:
- •Other words:
- •Learn names of acids:
- •Learn names of drugs:
- •Other words:
- •Learn names of drugs:
- •Learn names of medicinal plants:
- •Other words:
- •III. Graphically signed stress
- •IV. ACCENT IN WORDS OF GREEK ORIGIN
- •V. Exercises
- •I. ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY
- •II. STRUCTURE OF ANATOMICAL TERMS
- •III. GRAMMATICAL CATEGORIES OF A NOUN
- •GENDER
- •NUMBER
- •CASE
- •IV. DICTIONARY FORM OF A NOUN
- •V. DECLENSION
- •First declension
- •Third declension
- •Fourth declension
- •Fifth declension
- •VI. STEM OF NOUNS
- •VII. Exercises
- •VIII. VOCABULARY
- •I. INTRODUCTION
- •IV. The 2nd group adjectives of one form for all genders
- •VI. Exercises
- •VII. VOCABULARY
- •I. INTRODUCTION: DEGREES OF COMPARISON
- •II. The comparative degree
- •III. The superlative degree
- •VI. Exercises
- •VII. VOCABULARY
- •I. PARTICULARITIES OF THE THIRD DECLENSION
- •II. STEM OF LATIN THIRD DECLENSION NOUNS
- •III. ENDINGS OF LATIN THIRD DECLENSION NOUNS
- •IV. Exceptions to the rule of the masculine third declension nouns ENDINGS
- •V. LATIN MUSCLE NAMES
- •VI. Exercises
- •VII. VOCABULARY
- •I. ENDINGS OF FEMININE THIRD DECLENSION NOUNS
- •II. Exceptions to the rule of the FEMININE third declension nouns ENDINGS
- •III. Exercises
- •I. ENDINGS OF NEUTER THIRD DECLENSION NOUNS
- •II. Exceptions to the rule of the NEUTER third declension nouns ENDINGS
- •III. Exercises
- •I. Nouns and adjectives endings in Nominative plural
- •IV. Exercises
- •V. VOCABULARY
- •I. Nouns and adjectives endings in GENITIVE plural
- •II. Particularities of the Genitive plural formation in the 3rd declension.
- •IV. VOCABULARY
- •I. ROLE OF PREFIXION IN THE FORMATION OF ANATOMICAL AND HISTOLOGICAL TERMS
- •II. LATIN AND GREEK PREFIXES USED IN THE ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY
- •IV. VOCABULARY
- •II. Roots and suffixes used in the Greek and Latin medical terms
- •ROOTS
- •I. Roots and suffixes used in the Greek and Latin medical terms
- •ROOTS
- •I. Roots and suffixes used in the Greek and Latin medical terms
- •ROOTS
- •I. Roots and suffixes used in the Greek and Latin medical terms
- •ROOTS
- •LESSON 5
- •I. Roots and suffixes used in the Greek and Latin medical terms
- •ROOTS
- •I. Roots and suffixes used in the Greek and Latin medical terms
- •ROOTS
- •Tetracyclīnum, i n
- •Writing good prescriptions
- •VI. Greek & Latin-English Clinical Dictionary
- •V. Latin-English Pharmaceutical Dictionary
- •VI. English-Latin Pharmaceutical Dictionary
- •VIII. Sample of the Examination Card
- •Latin and Fundamentals of Medical Terminology
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sternum, i n - breast bone; ductus, us m - duct.
V. DECLENSION
There are five declensions in Latin; that is, five categories of nouns, each with its own endings. The declension is determined by the Genitive singular endings.
First declension
The nouns of feminine which end in -a are ascribed to the first declension. The Genitive form of the first declension nouns ends in –ae.
E.g.: |
costa, ae f - rib |
|
vertěbra, ae f - vertebra |
Second declension
To the second declension are referred masculines which end in –us and – er, and neuters which end in –um, -on. The Genitive form of the second declension nouns ends in –i.
E.g.: |
nasus, i m - nose; |
|
collum, i n - neck; |
|
olecrănon, i n - tip of the elbow; |
|
cancer, cri m - cancer. |
Attention!!! – In the anatomical terminology there are no nouns which end in –er. The ending –on have the following anatomical terms:
•acromĭon, i n – acromial process
•colon, i n – large intestine
•encephălon, i n – brain
•ganglĭon, i n – ganglion
•olecrănon, i n - tip of the elbow
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Third declension
The third declension includes nouns of all the three genders which have different endings in Nominative singular and –is in Genitive singular.
E.g.: canālis, is m - canal; regĭo, ōnis f - region; os, ossis n - bone.
Fourth declension
The fourth declension includes masculines which end in –us, and the neuters which end with –u. The Genitive singular form of these nouns ends in – us.
E.g.: |
arcus, us m - arch; |
|
cornu, us n – horn. |
Attention!!! - In the anatomical terminology there are only two neuters of the 4th declension which end in –u: cornu, us n (horn), genu, us n (knee).
Attention!!! - In the anatomical terminology there is only a limited number of masculines of the fourth declension. You should remember some of them as follows:
• |
aqu(a)eductus, us m |
aqueduct |
• |
arcus, us m |
arch |
• |
ductus, us m |
duct |
• |
meātus, us m |
tract, passage |
• |
processus, us m |
process |
• |
sinus, us m |
sinus; hollow |
• |
textus, us m |
tissue |