68
LESSON 9
NOMINATIVE PLURAL OF NOUNS AND
ADJECTIVES
In this lesson you will:
•Learn how to form the plural forms of nouns in the anatomical terminology.
•Learn how to form the plural forms of adjectives in the anatomical terminology.
•Learn abbreviations used in the anatomical terminology.
This lesson is divided into the following sections:
I.Nouns and adjectives endings in Nominative plural. II. Formation of Nominative plural forms.
III. Abbreviations used in the anatomical terminology. IV. Exercises.
V. Vocabulary
I. NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES ENDINGS IN NOMINATIVE PLURAL
The Latin nouns have Nominative plural endings as follows:
Declension |
1 |
2 |
|
|
3 |
|
4 |
5 |
|||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Gender |
f |
m |
|
n |
m, f |
|
n |
m |
|
n |
f |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Endings |
-ae |
-i |
|
-a |
-es |
|
-a |
-us |
|
-ŭa |
-es |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(-ĭa) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Attention!!! – Remember one neuter noun of the 3rd declension which has the Nominative plural ending -ia: rete – retia (network – networks). Other neuter nouns of the 3rd declension, which have the Nominative plural ending –ia, are not used in the anatomical terminology.
69
The Latin adjectives have Nominative plural endings as follows:
Adjectives of the 1st |
Adjectives of the 2nd |
Adjectives in the |
|||||
group + adjectives in |
|
group |
comparative degree |
||||
the superlative degree |
|
||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
m |
f |
n |
m, f |
|
n |
m, f |
n |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
-i |
-ae |
-a |
-es |
|
-ĭa |
-es |
-a |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Attention!!! - All neuter nouns irrespective of their declension as well as all adjectives in the neuter form in Nominative plural end in –а (adjectives of the 2nd group in -ĭa).
II.FORMATION OF NOMINATIVE PLURAL FORMS
In order to form the Nominative plural forms you should:
1)determine:
•declension and gender of a noun or
•group and gender of an adjective;
2)find the stem and form the plural form by adding to the stem the appropriate Nominative plural ending of this declension and gender.
E.g.:
|
Declension, gender, group |
Stem |
Nominative |
|
and degree of comparison |
|
plural |
Nouns |
|
|
|
vena, ae f |
1 declension, feminine |
ven - |
ven - ae |
nervus, i m |
2 declension, masculine |
nerv - |
nerv - i |
spatium, i n |
2 declension, neuter |
spati - |
spati - a |
sinus, us m |
4 declension, masculine |
sin - |
sin - us |
cornu, us n |
4 declension, neuter |
corn - |
corn - ŭa |
facies, ēi f |
5 declension, feminine |
faci - |
faci - es |
Adjectives |
|
|
|
cavernōsus |
I group, masculine |
cavernōs - |
cavernōs - i |
70
cavernōsa |
|
1 group, feminine |
cavernōs - |
cavernōs - ae |
|
cavernōsum |
|
1 group, neuter |
cavernōs - |
cavernōs - a |
|
frontālis |
|
2 group, masculine or |
frontāl - |
frontāl - es |
|
|
|
feminine |
|
|
|
frontāle |
|
2 group, neuter |
frontāl - |
frontāl - ia |
|
minor |
|
Comparative degree, |
minor - |
minōr - es |
|
|
|
masculine or feminine |
|
|
|
minus |
|
Comparative degree, neuter |
minor - |
minōr - a |
|
Attention!!! - |
In order to form the Nominative plural form of the nouns |
||||
of the 3rd declension you should: |
|
|
|
||
1.form the Genitive singular form;
2.determine the stem (obtained from the Genitive form without its ending –is);
3.add the appropriate Nominative plural gender ending.
E.g.: |
|
|
|
|
Dens |
→ dent-is |
→ dent- |
+ -es |
→ dentes |
Forāmen |
→ foramĭn-is |
→ foramĭn- |
+ -a |
→ foramĭna |
III. ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THE ANATOMICAL
TERMINOLOGY
Singular form |
Plural form |
A. – arteria |
Aa. - arteriae |
B. – bursa |
Bb. - bursae |
Gl. - glandŭla |
Gll. - glandŭlae |
For. - forāmen |
Forr. - foramĭna |
Lig. - ligamentum |
Ligg. - ligamenta |
M. - muscŭlus |
Mm. - muscŭli |
N. - nervus |
Nn. - nervi |
R. - ramus |
Rr. - rami |
Vag. - vagīna |
Vagg. - vagīnae |
V. - vena |
Vv. – venae |
71
IV. EXERCISES
1. Determine the dictionary form of each word:
alveŏli dentāles (dental alveoli), spatia interglobularia (interglobular spaces), valvŭlae venōsae (venous valvulae), nomĭna anatomĭca (anatomical names), juga alveolaria (alveolar eminences), venae intercostāles anteriōres (anterior intercostal venae), labia oris (lips of mouth), canalicŭli dentāles (dental small canales), facies articulāres (articular surfaces), ductus sublinguāles minōres (minor sublingual ducts), vasa sinusoiděa liēnis (sinusoid vessels of spleen), crura ossea (bony crura), arteriae ciliāres posteriōres longae (long posterior ciliary arteries).
2. Translate into Latin. Make up Nominative plural forms:
carotic (tuber, sulcus, canal), lymphatic (vessel, node, valve), incisive (canal, opening, fossa), articular (cavity, process, cartilage), nasal (concha, bone, opening), anterior (margin, surface, septum), palatine (tonsil, process), jugular (tubercle, incisure (slit), process), wing-shaped (canal, process, fossa), ethmoidal (crest, bone, foramen), occipital (region, lobe, opening), mammiform (process, incisure, opening), lower (wall, fissure, arch), transverse (process, lobe, ligament, artery), posterior (horn, nucleus, surface).
3. Determine the case, number and part of speech of each word in the terms:
1) venae rectāles inferiōres |
9) ductus sublinguāles minōres |
|||
2) incisūrae cartilagĭnis |
10) |
partes |
orbitāles |
ossis |
|
frontālis |
|
|
|
3) meātus acustĭci |
11) vasa sanguinea retīnae |
|
||
4) rami cardiăci cervicāles inferiōres |
12) nomĭna anatomĭca |
|
||
5) regiōnes membri inferiōris |
13) plexus venōsi vertebāles |
|
||
|
interni |
|
|
|
6) sutūrae cranii |
14) arteriae ciliāres posteriōres |
|||
7) radīces spināles |
15) spatium intercostāle |
|
||
8) canāles palatīni minōres |
|
|
|
|